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The    University   of   Chicago   Italian   Series 


Edited  by 

ERNEST  HATCH  WILKINS 


FIRST  ITALIAN  BOOK 


THE  rNTVERSTTY  OF  CHICAGO  PUES8 
CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 


THE  BIKEB  AND  TAVLOR  COMPAITT 

Kiw  rou 

THE  CAUBRIDOE  UWIVEBSITY  PRESS 

LOIDOX 

THE  MARCZEN-KABUSIIIKI  KAISHA 

TOITO,  OUI«,    ITOTO,    mcoKA,   UZDAI 

THE  MISSION  BOOK  COMPiirT 

■BilXailAI 


The   University    of  Chicago    Italian   Series 

FIRST 
ITALIAN  BOOK 


BY 

ERNEST  HATCH  WILKINS,  PH.D.,  LITT.D. 

Professor  of  Romance  Languages  in  the 
University  of  Chicago 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


^^3y 


COPYSICHT  IQJO  Bv 

The  University  of  Chicago 


All  Righu  Reserved 


Published  Aufnist  igjo 
Second  Impression  February  igil 
Third  Impression  Scplcml)cr  igia 
Fourth  Impression  February  ig24 
Fifth  Impression  November  igjs 


PREFACE 

A  student  takes  up  the  study  of  a  modern  foreign  language 
with  one  or  more  of  these  five  purposes:  to  acquire  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  grammar  of  that  language;  to  enable  himself  to 
understand  that  language  as  written;  to  enable  himself 
to  understand  that  language  as  spoken ;  to  enable  himself  to 
speak  that  language ;  to  enable  himself  to  write  that  language. 

It  is  my  firm  beUef  that  in  the  teaching  of  a  modern 
foreign  language  to  students  who  have  passed  the  age  of 
childhood  the  first  several  weeks  should  be  devoted  exclu- 
sively and  intensively  to  enabling  them  to  acquire  a  good 
understanding  of  that  language  as  written  and  spoken; 
and  that  the  study  of  the  grammar  as  such,  and  the  endeavor 
to  train  students  to  speak  and  write  the  language,  should  be 
postponed  until  a  good  understanding  of  the  language  as 
•«Titten  and  spoken  has  been  attained. 

This  I  believe  to  be  true  not  only  for  students  who  need 
primarily  the  ability  to  understand  the  language  as  written, 
but  also  for  those  who  desire  primarily  a  practical  speaking 
and  writing  knowledge;  for  those  who  desire  primarily  a 
knowledge  of  the  grammar;  and  for  those  who  desire  the 
complete  fivefold  mastery  of  the  language.  In  any  of  these 
three  latter  cases  the  desired  knowledge  cannot  be  attained 
in  a  single  collegiate  term  (or  quarter  or  semester);  and 
the  question  thus  stands  open  as  to  whether  or  not  it  is  best 
to  give  the  several  tyiies  of  training  simultaneously.  Suppose 
a  practical  speaking  and  writing  knowledge  is  desired:  will 
that  knowledge  be  better  attained,  say  at  the  end  of  a  year's 

V 


Vi  PllEFACK 

work,  if  tlic  specific  training  in  spcakinp;  and  writing  is 
started  at  the  bcfdnninR  of  the  year,  or  if  it  is  postponed  for 
several  weeks  in  favor  of  an  exchisive  and  intensive  dcveloj)- 
ment  of  understanding  of  the  language  as  spoken  and  written  ? 

My  conviction  is  that  the  latter  course  is  the  more  natural 
and  the  easier,  and  that  it  leads  to  results  of  far  Ixitter 
quality.  It  is  natural,  in  preparation  for  intellectual  creative 
work  in  any  field,  that  a  period  of  observation  and  absorption 
should  precede  creative  activity.  Composition,  written  or 
oral,  as  a  feature  of  initial  elementary  instruction  takes  a 
large  share  of  the  student's  time  and  energ>',  and  leads  to 
the  commission  of  more  errors,  and  consequently  to  the 
development  of  more  discouragement  and  hostility,  than 
any  other  part  of  the  work.  Furthermore,  the  practice  of 
composition  at  the  start  gets  the  student  into  the  habit  of 
framing  a  foreign  sentence  as  a  succession  of  isolated  words, 
with  a  laborious  dependence  on  models  and  vocabularies, 
and  leads  to  the  formation  of  many  erroneous  first  impres- 
sions. Such  Uiiguistic  tendencies  are  vicious  in  the  extreme 
and  are  very  hard  to  overcome. 

If  on  the  other  hand  the  composition  be  deferred  until 
a  considerable  acquaintance  with  the  foreign  language  itself 
has  been  attained,  the  student  is  able  to  deal  with  word 
groups  instead  of  single  words;  he  may  draw  freely  upon  a 
considerable  store  of  linguistic  experience  instead  of  being 
tied  to  i)articular  lists  and  exain|)lc'.s;  and  he  can  compose 
with  no  great  danger  of  excavating  brain  paths  that  lead  only 
to  red  ink. 

The  one  value  that  can  in  my  judgment  be  reasonably 
claimed  for  comj^osition  as  a  feature  of  early  elementary 
work  is  a  certain  fixative  value  in  the  illustration  of  gram- 
matical points;  but  I  believe  that  fixation  is  in  any  ca.^c 
better  gained  by  repeated  sight  of  the  foreign  form  or  idiom. 


Preface  vii 

Similarly,  and  still  more  easily,  could  one  justify  the 
program  I  am  recommending  if  the  specific  purpose  of  the 
student  is  the  scientific  study  of  the  grammar  as  such. 

I  have  assumed  hitherto  that  the  several  purposes  with 
which  one  may  study  a  language  are  on  the  same  level  of 
importance;  but  such  is  not  in  fact  the  case.  Nearly  all 
students  desire  knowledge  of  the  language  as  written;  and 
for  at  least  nine  students  out  of  ten  this  knowledge  is  of 
primary  importance,  for  it  carries  with  it  the  potential 
acquaintance  with  all  of  the  thought — whether  philosophical, 
rehgious,  social,  pohtical,  literary,  or  scientific — which  the 
country  in  question  has  regarded  as  worth  preserving.  Many 
students  ask  for  "a  speaking  knowledge,"  but  not  more 
than  one  student  in  ten,  in  an  American  class,  is  likely  to 
have  actual  need  of  the  abiUty  to  speak  the  foreign  language; 
and  not  more  than  one  student  in  a  hundred  is  hkely  to  have 
actual  need  of  the  abiUty  to  write  the  foreign  language. 
Those  who  desire  primarily  a  knowledge  of  the  grammar  as 
such  are  very  few  uideed.  The  plan  of  study  already  pro- 
posed on  the  basis  of  its  intrinsic  merits  follows  then  the 
very  course  traced  by  the  chief  interest  of  the  great  majority 
of  students. 

If  my  thesis  is  correct,  the  book  used  in  the  first  several 
weeks  should  be  a  book  designed  exclusively  for  the  develop- 
ment of  an  understanding  of  the  language  as  written  and 
spoken.  No  modern  foreign-language  elementary  book 
known  to  me  is  so  designed.  In  some  books,  written  evi- 
dently in  the  classic  tradition,  the  grammar  itself  is  pre- 
sented as  the  primary  object  of  study.  This  method  tends 
to  result  in  the  inclusion  of  material  which  is  of  distinctly 
secondary  importance,  in  emphases  that  arouse  the  hostility 
of  the  bcgirmer,  and  in  an  order  of  treatment  that  impedes 
swift  progress     toward     a    wide     understanding.       Other 


viii  Preface 

elementary  books  present  the  material  ver>'  larpely  from  the 
point  of  view  of  one  who  wishes  to  translate  into  the  foreign 
language.  This,  for  the  reasons  already  stated,  I  believe  to 
be  putting  the  cart  before  the  horse.  I  do  not  mean  to 
imply  that  modern  foreign-language  elementary  books 
neglect  entirely  the  development  of  the  understanding  of 
the  language  as  spoken  or  written;  but  I  do  mean  that  they 
do  not  recognize  and  maintain  the  predominant  importance 
of  such  development. 

In  accordance  with  these  several  convictions,  I  have 
designed  the  present  book  consistently  from  the  point  of 
view  of  enabling  the  student  to  acquire  a  good  understand- 
ing of  written  and  spoken  Italian.  Each  new  problem  is 
approached  from  this  point  of  view;  the  order  of  presenta- 
tion is  the  corresponding  order  of  pedagogic  convenience; 
and  the  exercises  are  devoted  exclusively  to  developing  the 
understanding  of  Italian. 

The  endeavor  consistently  to  present  the  material  from 
this  point  of  view  has  led  to  many  results,  in  statement,  in 
emphasis,  in  order,  and  in  the  disregard  of  minor  exceptions, 
which  are  wholly  at  variance  with  tradition.  The  plural 
of  nouns,  articles,  and  adjectives,  for  instance,  is  treated 
not  in  such  a  way  that  the  student  shall  learn  "how  to 
form  the  plural"  of  a  given  word,  but  in  such  a  way  that  he 
may  be  able  to  recognize  that  a  phrase  is  plural,  and  that  he 
may  be  able  to  reason  back  from  the  plural  to  the  singular 
form.  In  this  particular  case,  and  in  a  few  other  cases,  I 
have  included,  in  parentheses,  paragra])hs  of  exi)lanator>- 
material  which  coincide  more  or  less  with  the  traditional 
formulas,  but  these  paragraphs  are  included  merely  for  the 
temi)orary  satisfaction  of  the  curious  student,  and  a  general 
statement  should  be  made  by  the  instructor  to  the  effect  that 
such  paragraphs  will  not  be  treated  as  a  basis  for  recitation. 


Preface  ix 

In  the  foregoing  discussion  I  have  grouped  together  the 
understanding  of  the  language  as  written  and  the  under- 
standing of  the  language  as  spoken.  The  exercises  should 
be  so  used  as  to  afford  training  in  both  respects.  After 
they  have  been  done  in  class  with  the  books  open,  they 
should  be  done  again,  wholly  or  in  part,  with  the  books 
closed,  the  instructor  pronouncing  the  words,  phrases,  or 
sentences,  and  the  students  identifying  or  translating,  as  the 
case  may  be. 

The  theory  upon  which  this  book  is  based  calls  for  the 
early  and  extensive  use  of  a  Reader.  I  recommend  that  the 
use  of  a  Reader  in  the  classroom  begin  with  the  recitation 
of  Lesson  VI,  and  that  the  assignment  of  lessons  in  the  Reader 
begin  with  the  assignment  of  Lesson  XII. 

Mastery  of  Italian  implies  not  only  the  development  of 
an  acquaintance  with  the  language  as  written  and  spoken — 
an  end  toward  which  this  book,  I  hope,  may  yield  true 
guidance — but  also  the  development  of  a  knowledge  of 
ItaUan  grammar  as  an  organized  body  of  Unguistic  phe- 
nomena, and  the  development  of  the  ability  to  speak  and  to 
write  Italian.  For  the  achievement  of  these  three  latter 
purposes  the  student  must  go  on  from  this  First  Book  to  the 
study  of  a  regular  Italian  grammar,  systematic  in  its  marshal- 
ing of  fact,  and  equipped  with  material  for  practice  in 
speaking  and  in  writing  Italian.  May  many  follow  such  a 
path!  And  may  they  follow  it  to  its  end  among  the  rich 
and  varied  values  and  delights 

Del  bel  paese  la  dove  il  si  suona! 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Lesson  I 1 

Vowels — First  Conjugation:    Infinitive  and  Parti- 
ciples 

Lesson  II 5 

c — Present  Indicative — Uses  of  Second  and  Third 
Person  Forms 

Lesson  III 9 

g — Present  Subjunctive — Gender  of  Nouns — Defi- 
nite Article 

Lesson  IV 13 

h — Imperative — Plural  of  Nouns  and  of  Definite 
Article 

Lesson  V 17 

j,  n,  s,  z — Present  Tenses — Forms  of  Address — 
Indefinite  Article 

Lesson  VI 23 

Double   Consonants — Past    Descriptive — di    with 
Definite  Article — Two  Negatives 

Lesson  VII 27 

d,  I,  n,  t,  r — Past  Absolute — Past  Subjunctive — 
Prepositions  with  Definite  Article 

Lesson  VIII 30 

I,  m,  n,  r  prolonged — Future — Past  Future — Adjec- 
tives 

xi 


xii  Taule  of  Contents 

PAOK 

Lesson  IX 3r) 

First  Conjupation — ^Verbs  in  -care,  -gare,  -iare — 
bello  and  quello — Coini)arison 

Lesson  X 40 

Secoiul  Conjugation — qualche — mi 

Lesson  XI 4G 

avere — Position  of  Subjfct — ti,  lo,  gli,  la,  le 

Lesson  XII 51 

Perfect  Tenses  with  avere issimo — si 

Lesson  XIII 55 

Tliird    ConjuRation —    -ctti,    -cite,     -cttero — Sj)('(i;il 
Noun  and  Adjective  Plurals — ci,  vi 

Lesson  XIV 61 

essere — Passive — li,  le,  loro 

Lesson  X\' 05 

Perfect  Tenses  with  essere — si — ne — Abbreviation 

Lesson  XVI 70 

Fourth  Conjugation — me,  te,  ce,  ve — Possessives 

Lesson  XVII 76 

Fourth       Conjugation  :      -j.sc-Vcrbs — glie — chl  — 
"only"— Elision 

Lesson  XVIII SI 

andare — se  (pronoun) — che  (interrogative) 

Lesson  XIX 85 

dare — stare— Disjunctive  Pronouns — che  (relative) 

Lesson  XX 89 

fare — cui — Third  Person  Form  of  Direct  Address 


Table  of  Contents  xiii 

PAGE 

Lessox  XXI 94 

dire — Present  as  Vivid  Past  or  Future — quale — Uses 
of  Definite  Article 

Lesson  XXII 97 

Perfect  Tenses  of  Reflexive  Verbs — Cardinal 
Numerals — Collectives 

Lesson  XXIII 101 

Irregular  Verbs — Phrases  with  avere — Uses  of  da — 
Definite  Article  as  Possessive 

Lesson  XXIV 104 

Irregular  Verbs  of  Second  Conjugation:  cadere,etc. 
— Future   of   Probability — ecco — Phrases   with  la 
(pronoun) 

Lesson  XXV 106 

dolere,  etc. — parere — sapere — Past  Future  of  Mild 
and  of  Reported  Statement — Pleonastic  Conjunctive 
Pronouns — Partitive  Phrases 

Lesgon  XXVI 110 

dovere — Uses  of  di 

Lesson  XXVII 114 

potere — volere — Present  Perfect  for  Past — Con- 
junctive Object  of  Infinitive  with  Main  Verb 

Lesson  XXVIII 118 

Irregular  Verbs  of  Third  Conjugation:  all  in 
-endere,  -idere,  -udere — Past  Future  Perfect  for  Past 
Future — Indirect  Conjunctives  as  Possessive — 
Correlatives 

Lesson  XXIX 120 

ardere,  etc. — Uses  of  Infinitive — Prepositional 
Phrases 


xiv  Table  of  Contents 

PAOB 

Lesson  XXX 122 

chiedere,  etc. — Uses  of  Past  Participle — Augtnen- 
tatives — Diminutives — Pejoratives 

Lesson  XXXI 125 

Verbs  in  -cere — Intransitive  Reflexives — Uses  of  a — 
Introductory  o  and  che 

Lesson  XXXII 129 

Verbs  in  -ggere  and  -ngere — Third  Singular  Reflexive 
for  First  Plural — Idioms  ynih  che — Uses  of  ci 

Lesson  XXXIII 131 

accDfgersi,  etc. — Past  Descriptive  replacing  Perfect 
Tenses  —  Untranslatable  Indirect  Reflexives  — 
Ordinals 

Lesson  XXXIV 133 

CDgliere,  etc. — Uses  of  Subjunctive — Pleonastic  non 
— (Questions  with  se 

Lesson  XXXV 135 

Verbs  with  IrrcRular  Infinitive — Uses  of  Subjunc- 
tive  mente — Predicate  Adjectives  as  Adverbs 

Lesson  XXXVI        137 

Irregular  Verbs  of  Fourth  Conjugation — Passive 
with  venire — Uses  of  Subjunctive 

List  of  Irregular  Verbs 140 

The  Pronunciation  of  e,  o,  a,  and  z 149 

Vocabulary 151 

Index 161 


LESSON  I 

1.  In  words  which  have  two  or  more  vowels,  one 
vowel  is  stressed  more  than  the  other  or  others. 

In  any  Italian  word  printed  in  this  book,  the 
position  of  the  stress  may  be  determined  as  follows: 

If  one  of  the  vowels  is  specially  printed  in  any 
way,  that  vowel  is  the  stressed  vowel.  Three  kinds 
of  special  printing  occur:  printing  in  italic  type;  print- 
ing in  the  special  type  £  (called  "open  e")  or  in  the 
special  type  o  (called  "open  o");  and  printmg  with  an 

accent. 

tavola      tempo      volta      fara 

If  no  one  of  the  vowels  is  specially  printed,  the 
stress  is  on  the  next-to-last  vowel. 

almeno      cantare      colore      matita 

2.  The  letter  a  always  has  a  sound  like  that  of  a  in 
"father."  The  mouth  is  however  opened  wider  for 
the  Itahan  sound  than  for  the  English  sound. 

canta      cantano      carita      sta 

3.  The  letter  e  has  in  general  a  sound  like  that  of  a 
in  "fate."  The  sound  is  however  more  tense  than  the 
Enghsh  sound;  and  the  corners  of  the  lips  are  drawn 
back  more  than  for  the  English  sound.  Furthermore, 
the  English  sound  tends  to  become  a  diphthong: 
"fdeete."  This  tendency  does  not  appear  in  Italian: 
the  sound  is  single  and  clear. 

vedere      Domenico      crede      me 
1 


2  L'liisT  Italian  Book 

When  the  letter  e  is  printed  in  the  special  type  e, 
it  has  a  sound  like  that  of  c  in  "met."  'i1ic  mouth  is 
however  opened  wider  for  tlie  Italian  sound  than  for 
the  l-Jigiish  sound.  This  sound  occurs  only  in  stressed 
syllables. 

temendo      perdere      cafife 

4.  The  letter  i  has  in  general  a  sound  like  that  of 
ee  in  "bee."  The  sound  is  however  more  tense  than 
the  English  sound;  and  the  corners  of  the  lips  are 
drawn  back  more  than  for  the  English  sound.  Be 
careful  never  to  give  to  an  Italian  i  the  sound  of  i  in 
the  English  word  "pin." 

canti       mtimo       fini       si 

When  i  is  unstressed  and  followed  by  a  vowel,  it  has 
in  general  the  sound  of  y  in  "yes."  Be  careful,  in 
pronouncing  such  an  i,  not  to  make  a  separate  syllable 
of  it. 

ieri      cantiamo      Italia 

In  certain  cases,  to  be  stated  in  Lessons  II  and  III, 
i  is  silent. 

5.  The  letter  o  has  in  general  a  sound  like  that  of 
0  in  "go."  The  sound  is  however  more  tense  than  the 
English  .sound;  and  the  lips  are  more  rounded  than  for 
the  English  .s()un«l.  Furihennore,  the  English  sound 
tends  to  beconie  a  (lii)hlhong:  "g6u."  This  tendency 
does  not  appear  in  Italian:  t  lie  .sound  is  single  and  clear. 

colpo       rotondo       compito       lo 


Lesson  I    Sections  6-9  3 

When  the  letter  o  is  printed  in  the  special  type  o,  it 
has  a  sound  like  that  of  o  in  "softer."     The  lips  are 
however  more  rounded  than  for  the  English  sound. 
This  sound  occurs  only  in  stressed  syllables. 
importo      povero      andb      no 

6.  The  letter  u  has  in  general  a  sound  like  that  of 
00  in  "boot."  The  hps  are  however  more  rounded 
than  for  the  English  sound.  Be  careful  never  to  give 
to  an  ItaUan  u  the  sound  of  u  in  the  English  word 
"cure."  If  you  have  studied  French,  be  careful 
never  to  give  to  an  Italian  u  the  sound  of  the  French  u. 

salute      nuvola      lassu      tu 

When  u  is  unstressed  and  followed  by  a  vowel,  it 
has  the  sound  of  w  in  "woe." 

U3V0      Guide      pub      questo 

7.  Vowels  in  unstressed  syllables  are  pronounced 
just  as  clearly  as  those  in  stressed  syllables. 

aritmetica      Filippino      contentissimo 

8.  When  two  vowels  stand  side  by  side,  each  has 
its  own  full  sound;  except  in  the  cases,  already  referred 
to,  in  which  i  has  the  sound  of  y,  or  is  silent,  and  u 
has  the  sound  of  w. 


9. 


loi      andai 

lui      la 

cantare 

to  sing 

comprare 

to  buy 

entrare 

to  enter 

parlare 

to  speak 

tirare 

to  pull 

4  First  Italian  Book 

In  tlic  mnjority  of  Italian  verbs  the  infinitive  ends 
in  -(irc.  Such  verbs  are  classed  as  verbs  of  the  first 
conjugation. 

10.  cantando         sinping 

cantato  sung 

In  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  the  present  parti- 
ciple ends  in  -ando,  and  the  past  participle  in  -alo. 

All  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  (except  four, 
which  will  be  specially  studied  in  later  lessons)  have 
in  every  form  the  same  ending  as  the  corresponding 
form  of  cantare. 

Exercise  I 
/.  Look  through  this  list  of  words,  and  point  out  the 
stressed  vowel  in  each  word:  acuto  aims  altare 
ando  anima  apostolo  bambino  baule  bruno 
cambiare  colui  compatire  convenuto  cost! 
cui  cuore  Dante  datemene  deputato  dietro 
dimiimirono  domcnica  dovere  due  e  elc- 
mentare  equo  erae  esteniporaneo  estreniit:\ 
farai  fc(lelt;\  fiato  fiero  fosco  fuDco  fuori 
gloria  grave  guardano  guidare  gusto  idioma 
tdolo  impavido  tmpeto  infine  intcressante 
invitato  io  italiano  lavoro  lei  libraio 
lugubrc  lu3go  mici  Milano  inio  muovere 
Napoli  naturale  116  o  olivo  ombra  Omrro 
Dpera  ostacolo  paio  Paolo  paura  pcnsitro 
Pictro        pill        quale        quinto        rifuito        ripetd 


Lesson  II    Section  11  5 

Roma  rompere  sacrifico  sapere  sent!  spina 
stD  su  sue  suoi  suono  teatro  tiepido 
tramonto  tre  udirsi  Mltimo  university  uno 
vapore       verita       vestibolo       virtil. 

2.  Look  through  the  same  list,  and  point  out  the  cases 
in  which  i  has  the  sound  of  y. 

5.  Look  through  the  same  list,  and  point  out  the  cases 
in  which  u  has  the  sound  of  w. 

4.  Pronounce  all  words  in  the  list.  The  consonants 
may  be  pronounced  as  in  English.  (Minor  differences 
between  Italian  and  English  exist  in  the  case  of  the 
consonants  d,  1,  n,  r,  s,  and  t,  but  these  differences  may 
for  practical  purposes  be  disregarded,  in  this  and  later 
exercises,  until  the  lessons  are  reached  in  which  exact 
statements  regarding  these  consonants  are  given.) 

6.  State  whether  these  forms  are  infinitive,  present 
participle,  or  past  participle:  comprando  tirato  par- 
lare  entrato  cantando  tirare  comprato  par- 
lando      cntrare      cantato. 

6.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

LESSON  II 

11.  The  letter  c  has  in  general  the  sound  of  c  in 
"can." 

canto      dico      cura      crede 

When  c  is  followed  by  e  or  i,  it  has  in  general  the 
sound  of  ch  in  "church." 

cento      dolce      cinto      taci 


0  First  Italian  Book 

When  c  is  followed  by  an  unstressed  i  which  is  itself 
followed  by  a  vowel,  the  c  has  the  sound  of  ch,  in 
accordance  with  the  preceding  rule,  and  the  i  is  silent, 
mancia       cido       cib       ciuco 

When  the  combination  sc  is  followed  by  e  or  i,  the 
combination  sc  has  the  sound  of  sli  in  ".-he." 
scendo      lascera      lasci      scindo 

When  the  combination  sc  is  followed  I)}'  an  un- 
stressed i  which  is  itself  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  sc 
has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  the  i  is  silent. 

ambascia       scia      fascio       sciupare 

12.  The  present  indicative  of  cantare  is  as  follows 
canto  first  person  singular  I  sing 
canti  second  person  singular  you  sing 
canta  Hard  person  singular  he  sings 
cantiamo  first  person  plural  we  sing 
cantate  second  person  plural  you  sing 
cantano  third  person  plural  they  sing 

Note  that  the  stress  rests  on  the  stem  in  the  three 
singular  forms,  and  in  the  third  plural;  and  that  the 
third  plural  form  is  therefore  stressed  on  the  next-to- 
next-to-last  vowel. 

13.  The  endings  of  the  present  indicative  are  -o,  -i, 
-a,  -iarno,  -ate,  -ano.  These  endings  serve  to  indicate 
whether  the  form  is  singular  or  plural,  and  whether 
it  is  first,  second,  or  third  person.  The  endings  of 
other  ten.ses  afford  in  most  cases  a  similar  means  of 


Lesson  II    Sections  14-16  7 

definition.  The  use  of  personal  subject  pronouns  is 
therefore  seldom  necessary  for  clearness;  and  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  subject  pronouns  are  in  general 
expressed  only  when  emphasis  is  desired.  It  is  there- 
fore all  the  more  important  for  the  student  to  note 
carefully  the  ending  of  each  verb  form,  and  to  make 
from  that  ending  the  proper  inference  as  to  the  person 
and  number  of  the  verb. 

14.  canto       I  sing,  I  am  singing 

The  verb  forms  of  the  present  indicative  correspond 
not  only  to  the  forms  of  the  English  simple  present, 
"I  sing,"  "I  look,"  etc.,  but  also  to  the  forms  of  the 
English  progressive  present,  "I  am  singing,"  "I  am 
looking,"  etc. 

15.  canta  he  sings,  she  sings,  it  sings 
Maria  canta  Mary  sings 

cantano  they  sing 

Maria  e  Francesco 

cantano  Mary  and  Francis  sing 

The  third  person  singular  form  is  used  not  only 
when  the  subject  is  equivalent  to  "he,"  but  also  when 
it  is  equivalent  to  "she,"  or  "it,"  or  is  a  singular 
noun.  The  third  person  plural  form  is  used  not  only 
when  the  subject  is  equivalent  to  "they,"  but  also  when 
there  is  a  plural  noun  subject. 

16.  canti        you  (singular)  sing  / 
cantate    you  (singular)  sing 

cantata    you  (plural)     sing 


8  FiiiST  Italian  Book 

The  pccond  plural  form  is  sometimes  used  when  one 
person  is  addressed,  and  sometimes  when  two  or  more 
persons  are  addressed.  The  distinction  between  the 
uses  of  the  second  singular  form  and  the  second  plura) 
form  when  one  person  is  addressed  will  be  explained  in 
a  later  lesson. 

Exercise  II 

1.  Look  through  this  list  of  words,  and  point  out  the 
cases  in  which  c  has  the  sound  of  ch  in  "church":  alcuno 
amici  arcano  atroce  bilancio  calce  caro 
celare  cencio  ci  ciancia  cieco  cima  circa 
classe  come  comici  crudele  cupo  dieci 
fasci  fehce  Francesco  h'scio  Lucia  lucido 
macro  marcia  Medici  mosca  nasce  oceano 
oscuro  pace  pacjfico  palco  pascere  pasciuto 
Pctrarca  quercia  scena  sciarada  scrivere  t£C- 
nica      teiiacitit      toscano. 

S.  Point  out,  in  the  same  list,  the  cases  in  which  the 
combination  sc  /los  the  sound  of  sh, 

5.  Point  out  the  cases  in  which  i  is  silent. 
4-  Pronounce  all  words  in  the  list. 

6.  Stale  the  person  of  each  of  these  forms:  canta 
compriamo  cntrano  parli  tirate  compro  par- 
lano  cantiamo  tira  entrate  caiiti  entriamo 
tiro  parlate  compra  tiriamo  entri  parlo 
coiiipratc  caiitaiio  parla  tiri  caiitate  com- 
I)rano  entro  t/rano  compri  canto  parliamo 
entra. 


Lesson  III    Section  17  9 

6.  State  the  number  of  each  of  the  same  forms. 

7.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  the  same 
forms. 

8.  Translate  the  same  forms,  using  the  forms  of  the 
English  simple  present. 

9.  Translate  the  same  forms,  using  the  forms  of  the 
English  progressive  present. 


LESSON  III 

17.  The  letter  g  has  in  general  the  sound  of  g  in 
"go." 

gamba      spago      gloria      grande 

When  g  is  followed  by  e  or  i,  it  has  the  sound  of  g 
in  "ginger."     If  you  have  studied  French,  be  careful 
not  to  give  this  g  the  sound  of  the  French  soft  g. 
gente      tinge      girare      pagina 

When  g  is  followed  by  an  unstressed  i  which  is  itself 
followed  bya  vowel,  the  g  has  the  sound  of  g  in  "ginger," 
and  the  i  is  silent. 

gia      mangia      giovane      ingiusto 

The  combination  gn  has  the  sound  of  ni  in  "union." 

degno      ogni      compagnia      sognare 
The  combination  gl  before  i  has  the  sound  of  Hi  in 
"million."     If  the  i  is  unstressed  and  followed  by  a 
vowel,  it  is  silent. 

figli      degli      paglia      migliore 


10  Fiii8T  Italian  Book 

18.  The  present  subjunctive  of  can  tare  is  as 
folluws: 

canti  I  yinu; 

canti  you  sing 

canti  he  sings 

cantiamo  wo  sing 

cantiate  you  sing 

cantino  they  sing 

Note  that  tlio  throe  persons  of  the  singular  in  this 
tense  are  identical  with  each  other.  'I'his  is  true  of  all 
verbs  in  the  language. 

19.  prima  che'  cantiate     before  you  sing 
purche  cantino  provided  they  sing 

The  subjunctive  is  used  in  Italian  in  many  sorts, 
though  by  no  means  all  sorts,  of  subordinate  clauses. 
In  many  cases  subjunctive  forms  in  subordinate 
clauses  may  be  translated  like  the  corresponding 
indicative  forms.  Cases  in  which  other  types  of  trans- 
lation are  requisite  will  be  discussed  in  later  lessons. 

20.  canti  let  him  sing 
contino        let  them  sing 

The  forms  of  the  third  person  of  the  present  sub- 
junctive, singular  and  plural,  are  often  used  in  m.iin 
clauses  to  express  an  indirect  imperative  idea.  The 
English  phrase  in  such  cases  is  of  the  type  "let  him 
sing," — the  "let"  having  the  force  of  command. 

'  rh  ia  pronounced  like  k. 


Lesson  III    Sections  21-22  11 

21.  libro  masculine  book 

poeta  masculine  poet 

stato  masculine  state 

onore  masculine  honor 

tavola  feminine  table 

arte  feminine  art 

Nouns  are  of  one  or  the  other  of  two  genders, 
mascuhne  and  feminine.  The  distinction  does  not  in 
general  correspond  to  any  modern  sense  of  difference 
in  meaning.  The  gender  of  nouns  is,  however,  to  be 
carefully  observed;  for  articles,  adjectives,  and  pro- 
nouns change  in  form  in  general  according  as  the  nouns 
they  modify  or  refer  to  are  masculine  or  feminine; 
and  it  thus  becomes  possible,  in  examining  a  sentence 
or  series  of  sentences,  to  see,  by  noting  agreements  in 
gender,  that  certain  words  are  related  in  thought. 

The  gender  of  a  noun  cannot  in  general  be  told 
by  inspection.  All  nouns  in  o,  however,  are  masculine, 
except  mano,  "hand,"  which  is  feminine. 

22. 


il  libro 

the  book 

il  posta 

the  poet 

lo  stato 

the  state 

I'onore 

the  honor 

la  tavola 

the  table 

I'arte 

the  art 

The  words  il,  lo,  1',  and  la  before  a  noun  or  adjective 
are  forms  of  the  definite  article,  and  mean  in  general 
"the." 


IJ  FiiisT  Italian  Book 

The  forms  il  and  lo  serve  to  show  that  the  noun 
modified  is  mascuHne.  The  form  la  serves  to  show 
that  the  noun  modified  is  feminine.  The  form  1'  gives 
no  information  as  to  gender. 

(The  principles  governing  the  choice  of  the  several 
forms  of  the  article  before  a  singular  noun  are  these: 
il  is  the  general  form  before  a  masculine  word;  lo  is 
used  before  a  masculine  word  beginning  with  .s  impure — 
that  is,  s  is  followed  by  another  consonant — or  with  z; 
V  is  used  before  a  singular  word,  masculine  or  feminine, 
beginning  with  a  vowel;  la  is  used  before  a  feminine 
word  beginning  with  a  consonant.) 

Exercise  III 

1.  Look  through  this  list  of  words,  and  point  oiU  the 
cases  in  which  g  has  the  sound  of  g  in  '^ginger":  agitato 
angelo  argine  bersagliere  bolgia  Bologna 
c/glio  Castigliono  ogliere  coiinato  dagli 
dialogo  egoista  energico  famiglia  f/glio 
figura  gengiva  gentile  giacere  gj'glio  giorno 
Giorgio  gita  gid  gli  gbbo  gnomo  gorgo- 
gliare  guancia  guardate  guida  ingc^gnere  Luigi 
mangeremo  meglio  moglio  pagare  Parigi 
pigliate  pigro  pugno  quegli  rugiada  signore 
.strage      stringcndo      tragico      uguale      vigna. 

S.  Point  out,  in  the  same  list,  the  cases  in  which  i  is 
silent. 

S.  Pronounce  all  words  in  the  list. 


Lesson  IV    Section  23  13 

4.  State  the  person  and  the  number  of  each  of  the  sub- 
junctive forms  in  these  phrases  {for  the  forms  ending  in  -i 
three  identifications  are  possible):  prima  che  entriate 
prima  che  compri  prima  che  parliamo  prima  che 
tmno  prima  che  canti  purche  tiriamo  purche 
comprino  purch6  cantiate  purche  parli  purche 
entrino, 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases. 

6.  Translate  these  forms,  supposing  them  to  be  third 
person  subjunctive  forms  used  in  main  clauses:  canti 
compri>  entri  parli  tiri  cantino  comprino 
entrino      parlino      U'rino. 

7.  State  whether  the  following  combinations  are 
masculine  or  feminine:  il  balcone  la  banda  il 
bastone  la  cagione  la  carita  il  colpo  la 
fronte  la  guardia  I'impsro  la  mano  il  mento 
il  podest^  lo  sciopero  il  sistsma  la  spada  lo 
stupore     Tuomo       la  virtd. 


LESSON  IV 

23.  The  letter  h  is  always  silent.     It  appears,  as 
a  matter  of  custom,  in  a  few  short  words. 
ho      ha      ahi      eh 

It  appears  in  many  words  between  c  and  e  or  i; 
and  in  this  case  serves  to  show  that  the  c  has  the 
sound  of  c  in  "can." 

che      oche      chi      chiamo 


1 1 


First  Italian  Book 


It  appears  similarly  in  many  words  between  g 
and  e  or  t,  and  in  this  case  serves  to  show  that  the  g 
has  the  sound  of  g  in  "go." 

ghermire      pagherb      paghi      ghinea 

24.  The  inipt-rative  of  cantare  i.s  a^i  follows: 
canta  second  person  singular     sing 


cantiamo 

first  person  plural 

let  us  sing 

cantate 

second  person  ])lural 

sing 

25.   libro 

book            libri 

books 

onore 

honor          onori 

honors 

poEta 

poet             pocti 

poets 

sofa 

sofa             sofa 

sofas 

dito 

finger          dita 

fingers 

uomo 

man             uomini 

men 

tavola 

table           tavole 

tables 

arte 

art               arti 

arts 

mano 

hand            mani 

hands 

virtu 

virtue          virtu 

virtues 

The  number  of  a  noun  cannot  in  general  be  told 
by  inspection.  All  nouns  in  o,  however,  are  singular; 
and  all  nouns  in  i  (except  a  very  few  uncommon  ones) 
are  plural. 

The  jihiral  ending  i  (unstressed)  gives  no  informa- 
tion regarding  either  the  singular  form  or  the  gender 
of  the  noun. 

The  plural  ending  e  (unstressed)  .serves  to  show 
that  the  singular  ends  in  a,  and  that  the  noun  is 
feminine. 


Lesson  IV    Section  26 


15 


The  plural  ending  a  (unstressed)  serves  to  show 
that  the  singular  ends  in  o.  There  are  only  a  few 
words  of  this  type,  which  is  peculiar  in  that  the  singular 
forms  are  masculine,  and  the  plural  forms  feminine. 

A  stressed  vowel  as  plural  ending  serves  to  show 
that  the  singular  form  has  the  same  ending,  but  gives 
no  information  as  to  gender. 

(The  principles  governing  the  formation  of  the 
plural  are  these:  most  nouns  form  the  plural  by 
changing  the  last  vowel  of  the  singular  to  i;  feminine 
nouns  ending  in  unstressed  a  change  a  to  e;  nouns 
ending  in  a  stressed  vowel  are  invariable.  A  few 
masculine  nouns  ending  in  o  have  a  feminine  plural  in 
a.  Uomo,  and  three  or  four  other  nouns,  are  irregular 
in  the  formation  of  the  plural.) 


11  libro 

the  book 

i  libri 

the  books 

lo  stato 

the  state 

gli  stati 

the  states 

I'onore 

the  honor 

gli  onori 

the  honors 

I'inverno 

the  winter 

gli  invemi 

0/ 

gl'invcrni 

the  winters 

la  tavola 

the  table 

le  tavole 

the  tables 

I'arte 

the  art 

le  arti 

the  arts 

Testate 

the  summer  le  estati 

I'estati 

the  summers 

The  words  i,  gli,  gl'i  le,  and  1'  before  a  noun  or 
adjective  are  forms  of  the  definite  article.     All  of  them 


16  First  Italian  Book 

except  1'  serve  to  show  that  the  noun  modified  is  {)lural 
The  forms  i,  gli,  and  gl'  serve  also  to  show  that  the 
noun  is  m;uscuhne.  The  form  le  serves  to  show  that 
the  noun  is  feminine.  The  form  1'  gives  no  informa- 
tion as  to  gender  or  numl)cr. 

(The  principles  governing  their  choice  are  these: 
i  is  the  general  form  before  a  masculine  word;  gli  is 
used  before  a  masculine  word  beginning  with  s  impure, 
with  z,  or  with  a  vowel;  gli  is  sometimes  shortened 
to  gl'  before  a  word  beginning  with  i,  and  rarely  before 
a  word  beginning  with  another  vowel;  le  is  used 
before  a  feminine  word;  le  is  sometimes  shortened  to  1' 
before  a  word  beginning  with  e,  and  rarely  before  a 
word  beginning  with  another  vowel.) 

Exercise  IV 

1.  Pronounce:  ehi  hai  oh  barche  boschi 
cercherb  cheto  chiamata  chino  chiudere 
dichiaro  Doincnichino  m/schia  maschera 
orchestra  palchi  pcrch6  qualche  schiavo 
Alighieri  brighe  c;vstighi  fughe  ghermisco 
giiiaia  ghigna  Ghirlandaio  impieghi  laghi 
leghe  lujghi  negherii  paghiamo  pieghe 
preghicra. 

2.  Stale  the  person  and  number  of  these  iinperative 
forms:  coiuprato  entriamo  canta  parliamo 
tirate  entra  parlate  lira  compriamo  can- 
tatc     compra     entrate     cantiamo      parla      tiriamo. 

S.  Translate  the  same  forma. 


Lesson  V    Sections  27-29  17 

4.  Find  the  singular  forms  which  correspond  to  these 
plural  forms,  u,sing  the  vocabulary  (pp.  161-60)  when 
necessary:  alberi  artisti  carte  estati  giornali 
idse  inverni  madri  monti  mura  podesta 
sistemi      tavole      tribil      university      uova. 

6.  State  the  gender  and  number  of  each  of  these 
phrases:  gli  artisti  i  balconi  la  bonta  i  cani 
le  carita  il  colera  i  cugini  le  fronti  la  gente 
il  golfo  le  mdici  gringegni  le  mani  le  ombre 
gli  orli  le  pareti  il  pesce  i  podesta  le  porte  i 
problsmi  la  riva  gli  scandali  le  spade  lo 
spavento      il  trsno      le  uova      I'wscio. 

LESSON  V 

27.  The  letter  j  has  always  the  same  value  that  the 
Italian  letter  i  would  have  in  the  same  position.  It 
is  now  passing  out  of  use  (except  in  certain  proper 
names),  its  place  being  taken  by  i. 

studj  =  studi  ajuto  =  aiuto 

28.  When  the  letter  n  stands  before  a  c  which  has 
the  sound  of  c  in  "can,"  a  g  which  has  the  sound  of  g 
in  "go,"  or  a  g,  it  has  the  sound  of  ng  in  "bang." 

banca      incontra      giungo      dovunque 

29.  The  letter  s  has  in  general  the  sound  of  s  in 
"sister."  It  is  however  hissed  somewhat  more  sharply 
than  the  English  s. 

sala      spada      casa      basta 


18 


FiRar  Italian  Book 


When  the  letter  a  is  printed  in  itaUc  type,  it  has 
the  sound  of  s  in  "rose."  This  sound  occurs  before 
certain  consonants,  and  in  many,  but  not  all,  words,  in 
which  s  stands  hot  worn  vowels. 

sbaglio      sdegno      caso      esame 

30.  The  letter  z  has  in  general  the  sound  of  U  in 

"gets." 

scnza       azione       zampa       zio 

Wiicn  tlic  letter  z  is  printed  in  italic  type,  it  has 
the  sound  of  dz  in  "adze." 

pran2o      romanzo      zelo 

31.  INDICATIVE  SUBJUNCTIVE 

canto  canti 

canti  canti 

canta  canti 

cantiamo  cantiamo 

cantate  cantiate 

cantano  cantino 


zona 

IMPERATIVE 

canta 

cantiamo 
cantate 


The  three  present  tenses  may  now  be  reviewed  as 
a  whole.  Note  that  the  three  first  plural  forms  end 
in  -iamo  and  are  identical  with  each  other;  this  is  true 
of  all  verbs  in  the  language.  Note  that  the  second 
plural  forms  all  end  in  -Ic;  this  is  true  of  all  verbs  in 
the  language. 

Note  that,  taking  the  present  tenses  as  a  whole,  the 
stress  rests  on  the  stem  in  the  singular  forms  and  in 
the  third  plural  forms.     This  is  true  of  all  verbs  in  the 


Lesson  V    Sections  32-34  19 

language  (except  a  very  few  irregular  verbs,  which 
will  be  specially  studied  in  later  lessons.) 

32.  pensare     to  think  penso      I  think 
portare      to  carry  porto       I  carry 

Some  verbs  in  which  the  vowel  which  receives  the 
stress  when  the  stem  is  stressed  is  e  or  o  give  that  e  or  o 
the  open  sound  when  stressed. 

33.  abitare     to  live  abito       I  live 

In  some  verbs  the  vowel  which  receives  the  stress 
when  the  stem  is  stressed  is  a  vowel  preceding  the  last 
vowel  of  the  stem. 

34.  canti  you  (singular)  sing 
cantate  you  (singular)  sing 
canta  you  (singular)  sing 
cantate  you  (plural)  sing 
cantano  you  (plural)  sing 

Verb  forms  of  the  third  person  are  used  not  only 
in  the  cases  hitherto  stated  (see  Section  15),  but  also, 
in  certain  cases,  when  the  subject  is  equivalent  to 
"you." 

There  are  then  three  ways  of  addressing  one 
person :  in  the  second  singular,  in  the  second  plural,  and 
in  the  third  singular.  This  last  form  is  now  the 
normal  form  of  direct  address  in  northern  and  central 
Italy.  The  second  plural  form,  occasional  in  northern 
and  central  Italy,  is  the  normal  form  in  southern 
Italy.     The  use  of  the  second  singular  usually  imphes 


20  P^iitST  Italian  Book 

intimacy,  or  the  attitude  of  an  adult  to  a  child.  A 
shift  from  the  use  of  one  of  the  more  formal  types  to 
the  second  singular  type  indicates  a  dropping  of 
formality  for  intimacy,  or,  in  some  instances,  for 
disrespect. 

The  use  of  the  second  plural  in  spcakinR  to  two 
or  more  persons  corresponds  both  to  the  use  of  the 
second  singular  and  to  the  use  of  the  second  plural  in 
addressing  one  person.  The  use  of  the  third  plural 
in  speaking  to  two  or  more  persons  corresponds  to 
the  use  of  the  third  singular  in  addressing  one  person. 

The  origin  of  the  third  person  form  of  direct  address 
will  be  explained  in  a  later  lesson. 

36.  canti         sing 

cantino    sing 

The  forms  of  the  third  person  of  the  present  sub- 
junctive are  often  used  in  main  clauses  to  express  a 
direct  imperative  idea.  This  use  corresponds  to  the 
use  of  the  third  person  in  direct  address  discussed 
in  the  preceding  section. 

36.  un  libro  a  book 

un  esame  an  examination 

uno  state  a  state 

una  casa  a  house 

un'  idea  an  iilea 

The  words  un,  uno,  una,  and  un'  are  usually  forms 
of  the  indefinite  article  meaning  "a"  or  "an."  The 
forms  un  and  uno  serve  to  indicate  that  the  noun 


Lesson  V    Section  36  21 

modified  is  masculine.     The  forms  una  and  un*  serve 
to  indicate  that  the  noun  modified  is  feminine. 

(The  principles  governing  the  choice  of  the  several 
forms  are  these:  un  is  the  general  form  before  a 
masculine  word;  uno  is  used  before  a  masculine  word 
beginning  with  s  impure  or  with  z;  una  is  used  before 
a  feminine  word  beginning  with  a  consonant;  un' 
is  used  before  a  feminine  word  beginning  with  a 
vowel.) 

Exercise  V 

1.  Pronounce:  Jacopo  jersera  Rajna  tempj 
angolo  ctnque  delmquo  dipinga  dwnque  in- 
comodo  lunghi  mancare  stanchi  base  cosi 
pasqua  Pisa  plasmare  pressnte  reststere 
rosa  sfida  sguardo  slanciare  smentire 
sole  svzMo  anzi  bronco  calza  dazio  grazie 
partsnza  risoluzione  ronzio  zanzara  zeta  zin- 
garo      zodfaco      zolfo      zufolare, 

2.  State  the  mood,  person,  and  number  of  each  of  the 
follomng  forms  {for  those  ending  in  -i,  four  identifications 
are  possible;  for  those  ending  in  -a,  two  identifications; 
for  those  in  -iamo,  three;  and  for  those  in  -ate,  two): 
cantano  comprate  entra  parhamo  pensi 
abita  portiate  tiro  comprino  entriamo 
canta  abitano  pcnsate  parli  porto  tzrano 
pensiamo  cantino  entri  compro  abitiamo 
portano  tira  parlate  pensa  compri  cantiate 
)).)rtino       parlo       tiriamo       entrano. 


22  First  Italian  Book 

5.  Trarwilate  the  same  forms,  using  "he*'  as  subjeci 
for  the  third  singular  forms,  and  "tfiey"  as  subjeci  for  the 
third  plural  forms. 

4.  Tranddle  these  forms,  using  "he"  as  subjeci: 
abita  canta  coinpra  entra  paria  pensa 
porta       tira. 

6.  Translate  the  same  forms,  using  "s/je"  as  subject. 

6.  Translate  the  same  forms,  using  "you"  as  subjeci. 

7.  Translate  these  forms,  using  "they"  as  subject: 
obitano  cantano  coniprano  entrano  parlano 
pensano      portano      tirano. 

8.  Translate  the  same  forms,  using  "you"  as  subject. 

9.  Translate  each  of  these  subjunctive  forms  as  an 
indirect  imperative  mth  " him" :  canti  coinpri  entri 
parli       pensi       porti       tiri. 

10.  Translate  each  of  the  same  forms  as  an  indirect 
imperative  with  "her." 

11.  Translate  each  of  the  same  forms  as  an  imperative 
used  in  difect  address. 

12.  Translate  each  of  these  forms  as  an  indirect 
imperative  with  " them" :  cantino  coinprino  cntrino 
parlino      pEnsiiio      portino      tmno. 

IS.  Translate  each  of  the  same  forms  as  an  impera- 
tive used  in  direct  address. 

14.  State  the  gender  of  each  of  these  phrases:  uno 
«guardo  un'  azionc  un  istantc  una  lira  un 
mese      un'  ariiuia      uno  spirito      un  o\ale      una  luce. 


Lesson  VI    Sections    37-38  23 

LESSON  VI 

37.  Double  consonants  in  general  have  the  same 
sound  as  single  consonants,  but  should  be  held  in 
pronunciation  twice  as  long  as  single  consonants. 

atto      belie      mappa      panno 

The  combination  cq  is  pronounced  like  cc. 
acqua      nacqui      piacque      tacquero 

The  combination  cc  before  e  or  i  has  the  sound 
of  ch  in  "church"  prolonged. 

eccetera      accidente      cacciare      r/ccio 

The  combination  gg  before  e  or  i  has  the  sound  of 
g  in  "ginger"  prolonged. 

legge      viaggi      maggiore      biancheggiare 

The  combination  zz,  however,  does  not  differ  in 
length  from  the  single  z. 

ragazzo      pazzo      mezzo      dozzina 

38.  The  past  descriptive  of  cantare  is  as  follows: 

cantavo 
or 

cantava  I  was  singing 

cantavi  you  were  singing 

cantava  he  was  singing 

cantavamo  we  were  singing 

cantavate  you  were  singing 

cantavano  they  were  singing 

Note  that  the  ending  begins  in  each  case  with  the 
letters  av. 


24 


First  Italian  Book 


In  certain  cxscs  the  past  clcscriptive  corresponds 
to  the  English  simple  past  of  the  type  "I  sanR,"  and  in 
certain  cases  it  corresponds  to  the  English  past  phrase 
of  the  type  "I  used  to  sing";  but  whenovcr  the  past 
descriptive  tense  is  used  the  idea  is  descriptive. 

39. 


di 

of 

del  libro 

of  the  book 

del  libri 

or 

de'  libri 

of  the  books 

dello  state 

degli  stati 

deU'onore 

degli  onori 

deli'inverno 

degli  invcrni 

or 

degrinvErni 

della  casa 

delle  case 

dell'arte 

delle  arti 

dell'estate 

delle  estati 

or 

dell'estati 

The  words  del,  dello,  dell',  della,  dei,  de',  degli, 
and  delle  are  (.'(jiMbinations  of  the  prcpositinn  di  witii 
the  definite  article.  The  forms  del  and  dello  ."^crve 
to  show  that  the  noun  modified  is  masculine  singular; 
della  shows  that  the  noun  is  feminine  singular;  dei, 
de',  and  degli,  that  the  noun  is  masculine  plural;  and 
delle  that  the  noun  is  feminine  plural.  The  form 
dell'  gives  no  indication  as  to  gender  or  number. 


Lesson  VI    Sections  40-41  25 

40.  ha  del  pane  he  has  some  bread 
ha  della  carta?  has  he  any  paper? 
hanno  del  libri  they  have  some  books 
hanno  delle  idee?  have  they  any  ideas? 

The  forms  del,  del,  etc.,  are  often  used  with  a  force 
equivalent  to  that  of  an  unemphatic  "some"  or  "any." 

41.  niente  nothing  ^ 
non  E  niente             it  is  nothing 

mai  never 

non  sono  mai  qui    they  are  never  here 

When  the  word  non  appears  before  a  verb,  and  a 
word  which  is  itself  negative  appears  after  the  verb, 
the  two  negatives  convey  only  a  single  negative  idea. 

Exercise  VI 

1.  Pronounce  the  following  pairs  of  words,  bringing 
out  the  difference  between  the  single  and  the  double  conso- 
nants: ebro  ebbro  baco  Bacco  cade  cadde 
tufo  tuffo  fugo  fuggo  pala  palla  ema 
smma  Fano  fanno  tropo  troppo  caro 
carro  casa  cassa  dita  ditta  beve  bewe 
face    facce      agio    aggio. 

2.  Pronounce:  accsndere  accorgcrsi  Adda 
affetto  aggradare  anno  arri  awertire 
avrsbbe  baffi  bewi  cantammo  cavallo 
citt5,       classe       correva       debbo       Dclsdda       dello 


26  First  Italian  Book 

donna  dramma  drappo  eccitato  eninima 
essendo  ewiva  fipRe  fossi  frcddo  fupiRito 
gabbare  piacchetta  Giovanni  Giuseppe  Ierro 
lettcra  nrbbia  -ig,.  owio  pcrcossa  piap:i^;ia 
pjccolo  pioppo  racconto  repgere  scappare 
seggono  sommo  sorridere  spallc  taccio  truffa 
tutti  uccello  ufficiale  vennero  batte22are 
prezzo        ro220         sv?zzcro. 

3.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  these  forms 
{for  those  endijig  in  -a  tivo  identifications  are  possible) : 
porlavano  entravi  tiravamo  abitava  parlavo 
pensavate  tirava  abitavanio  portavo  pensa- 
vano  parlavi  compravate  entravo  parlavano 
abitavi      conipravamo      portavate      pensava. 

4.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

5.  State  the  gender  and  number  of  each  of  these 
phrases:  degli  aniici  della  verity  del  teorenia 
(lelle  Iczioni  degli  ulivi  dci  pasciil  del  nemico 
delle  mani  dclla  niosca  delle  teste  delle  paia 
dei  padri  dell'odio  delle  tribd  dei  coinpagni 
dello  spirito  della  capitale  degriinperi  delle 
anime       del  conte       tlei  sistemi       degli  strunienti. 

6.  Translate:  hanno  della  carta  parlavano  del 
poeta  compravo  del  pane  ha  delle  idee  ruonio 
portava  dci  libri  hanno  del  pane  ?  parlava  dei  lii)ri 
del  poeta  non  hanno  pane  nou  hanno  niente 
non  canta  niai. 


Lesson  VII    Sections  42-45  27 

LESSON  VII 

42.  The  Italian  consonants  d,  Z,  n,  and  t  are  pro- 
nounced farther  forward  in  the  mouth  than  the  corre- 
sponding Enghsh  consonants,  the  point  of  the  tongue 
touching  the  upper  front  teeth. 

dica      Ida      li      pelo      ne      bene      tu      amato 
diletto      luna      no  to      Taddeo 

43.  The  Itahan  r  is  rolled,  the  point  of  the  tongue 
vibrating  just  behind  the  teeth. 

pari      arte      rado      padre 

44.  The  past  absolute  of  cantare  is  as  follows : 


cantai 

I  sang 

cantasti 

you  sang 

cantb 

he  sang 

cantammo 

we  sang 

cantaste 

you  sang 

cantarono 

they  sang 

Dast  subjunctive  of  cantar 

cantassi 

I  sang 

cantassi 

you  sang 

cantasse 

he  sang 

cantassimo 

we  sang 

cantaste 

you  sang 

cantassero 

they  sang 

Note  that  -ss-  appears  in  all  forms  of  this  tense 
except  the  second  plural.  Note  that  the  second  plural 
is  identical  with  the  second  plural  of  the  past  absolute. 


28  FiiiST  Italian  Hook 


46.           a        to 

con     with 

da      from 

in       in 

su      on 

per     for 

Note  carefully  the  meanings  of  these  prepositi 

47.            al  libro 

to  the  book 

dai  libri 

from  the  books 

suironore 

on  the  honor 

cogli  onori 

with  the  honors 

nella  casa 

in  the  house 

pel  poEta 

for  the  poet 

The  words  al,  ai,  a',  agli,  alio,  alia,  aUe,  and  all' 
are  combinations  of  the  preposition  a  and  the  dcfmite 
article. 

The  words  dal,  dai,  da',  dagli,  dallo,  etc.,  are 
combinations  of  da  and  the  definite  article. 

The  words  sul,  sui,  su',  sugli,  sullo,  etc.,  are 
combinations  of  su  and  the  definite  article. 

The  words  col,  coi,  co',  cogli,  collo,  etc.,  arc 
combinations  of  con  and  the  definite  article. 

The  words  nel,  nei,  ne',  negli,  nello,  etc.,  are 
combinations  of  in  and  the  definite  article. 

The  words  pel,  pei,  pe',  pegli,  pello,  etc.,  are 
combinations  of  per  and  the  definite  article. 

(Some  of  these  combinations  are  obligatory  in 
prose;  but  in  other  cases  the  separate  writing  of  the 
prepijsition  and  the  article  is  occasional  or  frequent : 
per  lo,  for  instance,  is  much  more  frequent  than  pello.) 


Lesson  VII    Section  47  29 

These  combinations  give  indications  as  to  gender 
and  number  exactly  parallel  to  the  indications  given 
by  the  composite  forms  of  di  and  the  definite  article, 
studied  in  Section  39. 

Exercise  VII 

1.  Pronounce  these  words,  with  special  care  as  to  the 
pronunciation  of  d,  1,  n,  r,  and  t:  altro  badi  carro 
corto  dado  del  denaro  domani  donna 
fame  finalmente  Gaddi  grande  in  liberta 
lunedi  madre  matita  mentre  nato  non 
pslle  penale  pittore  porta  quadro  ranno 
rarita  ritardo  rotondo  salute  soltanto  stu- 
dente  tarlo  tatto  teatro  tssta  torre  trsno 
verde      volta. 

2.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  these 
forms:  portasti  entrarono  compro  abitammo 
pensaste  parlai  tir5  entrammo  portai  pensa- 
rono  parlasti  compraste  entrai  abitarono 
tirasti  comprammo  pensb  portarono  comprasti 
tirai      entraste      pensammo      abitj       portaste. 

3.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

4.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  these 
forms  (for  those  ending  in  -i  two  identifications  are 
possible):  entrassimo  pensassero  parlassi  compraste 
abitassero  tirassi  comprassimo  abitasse  por- 
taste portassero  tirassi  parlasse  entrassero 
comprasse      tirassimo      pensaste      parlassi      tirasse. 


30  First  Italian  Book 

6.  Staie  the  gender  and  number  of  each   of  ihc^e 

phrases:    dal  libro        alio  Ktato        della  carta  sui 

libri        ncirinverno        alle  idee        co'  libri  nella 

casa  {ip}'\  uoiniiii  dairuoiiio  pel  libro  dalle 
dita       ne'  libri       cof^ii  stati       sulla  inauo       col  dito 

nelle  estati       al  poeta       pei  libri       nel  libro  sulle 

case        dagli  stati        nello  stato        alia  casa  col 

libri  nogriiivcrni  dalla  iiiano  nei  libri  depli 
csami       nei  giornali       colic  virtij       dei  re       da'  libri 

airuomo  delle  rose  dai  poeti  negli  stati  colla 
mano       sul  libro       ai  libri        col  pane. 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases. 


LESSON  VIII 

48.  When  I,  m,  n,  or  r  stands  just  after  a  stressed 

vowel  and  just  before  anotlier  consonant,  its  sound  is 

prolonged. 

golfo    piombo    Vinci    tardi 

49.  The  future  of  cantare  is  as  follows: 

cantero  I  shall  sing 

canterai  you  will  sing 

canteri  he  will  sing 

canteremo  wo  shall  sing 

canterete  you  will  sing 

canteranno  they  will  sing 

Note  that  the  ending  in  each  case  begins  with  er. 


Lesson  VIII    Sections  50-61  31 

50.  The  past  future  of  cantare  is  as  follows: 

canterei  I  should  sing 

canteresti  you  would  sing 

canterebbe         he  would  sing 
canteremmo       we  should  sing 
cantereste  you  would  sing 

canterebbero  they  would  sing 
Note  that  the  ending  in  each  case  begins  with  er. 
Note  that  in  the  first  singular,  the  third  singular,  and 
the  third  plural,  the  stressed  e  has  the  open  sound. 
Note  that  the  first  person  plural  differs  from  the  first 
person  plural  of  the  future  by  having  a  double  m. 

51.  il  libro  nuovo      the  new  book 

i  libri  nuovi  the  new  books 
la  casa  nuova  the  new  house 
le  case  nuove      the  new  houses 

il  libro  verde  the  green  book 

i  libri  verdi  the  green  books 

la  casa  verde  the  green  house 

le  case  verdi  the  green  houses 

Adjectives  ending  in  o  are  masculine  singular,  and 
show  that  their  noun  is  masculine  singular. 

Adjectives  ending  in  a  are  feminine  singular,  and 
show  that  their  noun  is  feminine  singular. 

Adjectives  ending  in  i  are  plural,  and  show  that 
their  noun  is  plural,  but  they  give  in  themselves  no 
indication  as  to  gender.     If,  however,  the  masculine 


32  I'lusT  Italian  liouK 

singiihir  form  of  the  adjcc-tivc  is  known  to  viu\  in  o, 
the  adjective  plural  ending  t  shows  that  the  noun  is 
ina.sculinc. 

Adjectives  ending  in  e  give  in  themselves  no  indi- 
cation as  to  gender  or  number.  If,  however,  the 
masculine  singular  form  of  the  adjective  is  known  to 
end  in  o,  the  adjective  plural  ending  e  shows  that  the 
noun  is  feminine. 

(The  principles  governing  the  ending  of  adjectives 
are  these:  an  adjective  which  ends  in  o  when  userl 
with  a  masculine  singular  noun  ends  in  a  when  used 
with  a  feminine  singular  noun,  in  i  when  used  with  a 
masculine  plural  noun,  aiul  in  c  when  used  with  a 
feminine  jilural  noun;  and  an  adjective  which  ends 
in  6  when  used  with  a  masculine  singular  noun  keeps 
the  same  ending  when  used  with  a  feminine  singular 
noun,  and  ends  in  i  when  used  with  a  plural  noun  of 
either  gemlor.) 

52.  un  giomo  freddo  a  cold  day 

un  monte  alto  a  high  mountain 

una  lezione  facile  an  easy  lesson 

una  frase  strana  a  strange  sentence 

una  CDsa  interessante       an  interesting  thing 
due  giorni  two  days 

questo  monte  this  mountain 

quella  lezione  that  lesson 

un  piccolo  ragazzo  a  small  boy 

una  brlla  cittA  a  beautiful  city 


Lesson  VIII    Section  52  33 

Most  adjectives  usually  follow  their  nouns. 
Numeral  and  pronominal  adjectives  and  some  other 
common  adjectives  usually  precede.  When  two  un- 
famihar  words  which  are  presumably  noun  and  adjec- 
tive stand  together,  the  second  will  prove,  in  most 
cases,  to  be  the  adjective.  Reversal  of  normal  order 
in  general  indicates  emphasis,  as  in  una  strana  cosa, 
"a  strange  thing." 

Exercise  VTII 

1.  Pronounce:  alba  Gilda  colmo  scelto  ambra 
cambia  sempre  hmpido  banda  enfasi  console 
unto    turba     parco    tsrmine    forte. 

S.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  these  forms: 
parlerai  comprerete  entrerb  abiteranno  tirerai 
compreremo  penser^  porteranno  comprerai  tirero 
entrerete  abiteremo  parler^  porterete  pense- 
ranno  portero  entreremo  tirergl,  parlero  penserete 
tireremo  abiter^  entreranno  porterai. 

5.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

4.  State  the  person  and  number  of  each  of  these  forms: 
porterebbero  penserebbe  abiteremmo  tireresti  par- 
iersbbero  entrersi  comprereste  parleresti  entre- 
rcste  tirerei  compreresti  penseremmo  abiterebbe 
portcreste  penscrebbero  entreremmo  porterei 
tirerEbbe  parlerei  abitereste  tireremmo  compre- 
rebbe      entrerebbero      porteresti. 

6.  Translate  the  same  forms. 


34  First  Italian  Book 

6.  State  the  gender  and  numi)er  of  each  of  these  phra'ies: 
qucsta  lezione  ncgli  stati  nu.)vi  un  libro  strano 
dalla  bella  cittil  dcj^li  alti  onori  una  fra.se  facile 
(lella  carta  verde  dalle  idrc  intcrcssanti  due  citt:\ 
nuovc  nci  nu.)vi  stati  quosti  uainini  sul  libro 
verde  qucsto  pane  nelle  citti\  intorcssaiiti  coi 
p/ccoli  ragazzi  delle  i(kc  bille  quella  bella  mano 
due  piorni  freddi  dcllc  lezioni  facili  dclle  idee 
strane  i  monti  alti  dalla  casa  verde  le  piccole 
niani. 

7.  Translaie  the  same  phrases. 


Lesson  IX    Section  63 


35 


LESSON  IX 
53.  The  entire  conjugation  of  cantare  is  as  follows: 
INFINITIVE        cantare 
PRES.  PART.      cantando 
PAST  PART.        cantato 

INDICATIVE      SUBJUNCTIVE     IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT 

canto 

canti 

canti 

canti 

canta 

canta 

canti 

cantiamo 

cantiamo 

cantiamo 

cantate 

cantiate 

cantate 

cantano 

cantino 

PAST 

cantavo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

cantavi 

cantava 

cantavamo 

cantavate 

cantavano 

PAST 

cantai 

cantassi 

ABSOLUTE 

cantasti 

cantassi 

canto 

cantasse 

cantammo 

cantassimo 

cantaste 

cantaste 

cantarono 

cantassero 

FUTURE 

cantera 

canterai 

cantera 

canteremo 

canterete 

canteranno 

PAST 

canterei 

FUTURE 

canteresti 
cantercbbe 

canteremmo 

cantereste 

canterebbero 

36  First  Italian  Hook 

If  the  student  can  form  in  his  mind  a  conception 
or  plan  of  the  verb  as  a  whole,  he  will  find  that  such  a 
conception  or  plan  will  be  of  ^rcat  help  to  him  in  the 
identification  of  single  forms,  and  in  the  learning  of 
the  verbs  which  are  hereafter  to  be  studied.  Note 
that  the  tenses  of  the  verb,  as  arranged  on  the  preced- 
ing page,  take  the  shape  of  a  capital  F. 

Note  that  all  forms  ending  in  -mo  are  first  person 
plural  forms;  that  all  ending  in  -te  are  second  person 
plural  forms;  that  all  in  which  the  ending  contains 
-V-  are  past  descriptive;  that  all  in  which  the  ending 
contains  -ss-  are  past  subjunctive;  and  that  all  in 
which  the  ending  begins  with  -cr-  are  future  or  past 
future. 

Note  that  two  forms  end  in  -o:  the  past  absolute 
third  singular  and  the  future  first  singular.  If  the 
letter  before  the  -d  is  any  letter  other  than  r,  the 
form  is  past  absolute  third  singular.  If  the  letter 
before  the  -o  is  r,  the  form  is  future  first  singular  (unless 
the  r  belongs  to  the  stem  of  the  verb). 

54.  cercare  to  try  pagare  to  pay 

cerco  I  try  pago  I  p:iy 

cerchi  you  try  paghi  you  pay 

cerchiamo  we  try  paghiamo  we  pay 

cerchero  I  shall  try  pagherb  I  shall  pay 

Verb  forms  in  which  the  stem  ends  in  ch  or  gh 
correspond   to   infinitives   in   -care  or  -gare.     The   h 


Lesson  IX    Sections  55-56  37 

is  inserted  in  those  forms  in  which  the  ending  begins 
with  e  or  i,  in  order  to  preserve  the  hard  sound  of  the 

c  or  g. 

55.  cominciare    to  begin  mangiare    to  eat 

commcio       I  begin  mangio        I  eat 

cominci         you  begin  mangi         you  eat 

cominciamo  we  begin  mangiamo  we  eat 

comincero     I  shall  mangerb     I  shall  eat 
begin 

Verb  forms  of  the  first  conjugation  in  which  c  or  ^ 
immediately  precedes  an  ending  which  begins  with  e 
or  i  correspond  to  infinitives  in  -dare  or  -glare.  The  i 
which  appears  in  the  infinitive  is  dropped,  in  such  forms, 
since  it  is  not  needed  for  the  preservation  of  the  soft 
sound  of  the  c  or  g. 

66. 


studiare 

to  study 

stwdio 

I  study 

studi 

you  study 

studiamo 

we  study 

studiero 

I  shall  study 

Verb  forms  of  the  first  conjugation  ending  in  -i, 
-iamo,  or  -date,  preceded  by  some  letter  other  than  c  or  g, 
may  correspond  to  infinitives  in  -iare.  The  i  which 
appears  in  the  infinitive  is  dropped,  in  such  cases,  in 
order  to  avoid  bringing  the  sound  y  before  a  similar 
sound. 


38 


FiRBT  Italian  Hook 


57.  un  brl  giardino 
un  bcllo  scialle 
un  brir  albero 
bri  giardini 
brgli  scialli 
begli  alberi 
quel  giardino 
quegli  scialli 
quegli  alberi 

The  adjective  forms  bd,  bill',  bri,  brgli,  and  quel, 
quell',  quel,  quegli  arc  special  forms  of  bello  and  quelle, 

used  Ix'fore  masculine  words. 


a  beautiful  garden 
a  beautiful  shawl 
a  beautiful  tree 
beautiful  gardens 
beautiful  shawls 
beautiful  trees 
tliat  garden 
those  shawls 
those  trees 


58.  piu  interessante 
11  piu  interessante 

pill  freddo 
il  piu  freddo 
piu  prrsto 
il  piii  prrsto 


more  interesting 
the  more  interesting, 

the  most  interesting 
colder 

the  colder,  the  coldest 
more  quickly 
the  more  quickly, 

the  most  quickly 

The  word  piu  corresponds  to  the  English  "more" 
and  "most"  and  to  the  Mnglish  comparative  and  super- 
lative endings  "-cr"  and  "-est." 

59. 

Quella  lezione  h  piii  in-  That  lesson  is  more  inter- 

teressante  di  questa  esting  tiian  this  one 

Quella   lezione  r   piCi   in-  'J'hat  lesson  is  more  inter- 

teressante  che  facile  esting  than  easy 


Lesson  IX    Section  59  39 

Both  di  and  che  are  used  after  comparatives  to 
mean  "than."  Di  is  preferred  to  che  in  certain  types 
of  phrases,  and  che  to  di  in  certain  other  types,  but  the 
usage  in  this  matter  is  not  fixed. 

Exercise  IX 

1.  Identify  these  forms,  that  is,  state  the  person, 
number,  and  tense  of  each  {or,  if  the  form  is  infinitive, 
present  participle,  or  past  participle,  state  that  fact): 
abitaste  abitavo  abitera  abiterebbe  abitiamo 
abito  cantai  cantato  cantavate  canterai 
canteremmo  canter  5  cercammo  cercassimo  cer- 
cate  cercheranno  cercheresti  cerchiamo  comin- 
cerei  comincerete  commcino  comprai  com- 
prammo  comprano  comprassero  comprerj 
compro  entrarono  entrato  entrereste  entriate 
entro  entro  mangerebbe  mangeremo  mangi 
inangia  mangiai  mangiava  pagare  pagaste 
pagherj  paghereinmo  paghi  pagb  parlassc 
parlavamo  parlerai  parlero  parhamo  parlj 
pensai  pensando  pensasti  pensavano  pense- 
rebbero  pensi  portai  portando  portassi  por- 
terai  porti  porto  studiano  studiarono 
studiate  studi  studieresti  studiarao  tira  tirai 
tiravano      tirer^      tirerai      tiro. 

2.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

3.  Translate:  dei  bei  hbri  quell'albero  alto  dai 
bsi  inonti       quegH  esami  facih       un  bel  giomo       nel 


40  FiiiST  Italian  Book 

bdlo  spcccliio  dei  begli  albcri  quel  lihri  niiovi 
dci  giardiiii  belli  quel  poetu  sirano  qucllo  strano 
poeta       su  quel  bcll'albero       per  qucgli  uoiuini. 


60. 


LESSON  X 

temere 

to  fear 

godere 

to  enjoy 

avere 

to  have 

cadere 

to  fall 

tenere 

to  hold 

vedere 

to  see 

Verbs  in  which  the  infinitive  ends  in  -ere,  the  first 
e  of  the  ending  being  stressed,  are  classed  as  verbs  of 
the  second  conjugation. 

Temere  and  godere  are  the  only  two  verbs  of  this 
conjugation  which  arc  completely  regular. 

The  irregular  verbs  which  belong  to  this  conjuga- 
tion will  be  studied  in  detail  in  later  lessons.  Mean- 
while, certain  regular  forms  of  the.«;e  irregular  verbs 
will  be  introduced  in  examples  and  exercises. 


Lesson  X 

Section  61 

4] 

61.  The  entire  conjugation  of  temere 

is  as  follows 

INFINITIVE 

temere 

PRES.  PART. 

temendo 

PAST    PART. 

temuto 

INDICATIVE 

subjunctive 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

temo 

tema 

temi 

tema 

temi 

teme 

tema 

temiamo 

temiamo 

temiamo 

temete 

temiate 

temete 

temono 

temano 

PAST 

temevo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

temevi 

temeva 

temevamo 

temevate 

temcvano 

PAST 

temei 

temessi 

ABSOLUTE 

temesti 

temessi 

teme 

temesse 

tememmo 

temessimo 

temeste 

temeste 

temcrono 

temessero 

FUTURE 

temero 

temerai 

- 

temera 

etc. 

PAST 

temerei 

FUTURE 

etc. 

42  FiRBT  Italian  Book 

The  second  conjuKation,  as  a  whole,  difTers  from  the 
first  conjugation  in  that  its  characteristic  vowel  is  e 
instead  of  a.  Note  that  the  ffdlowinR  cndinRs  of  the 
second  conjuRation  are  exactly  like  the  corresponding 
endings  of  the  first  conjugation,  except  in  the  substi- 
tution of  c  for  o:  those  of  the  infinitive;  present 
participle;  present  indicative  third  singular  and 
second  plural;  imperative  second  plural;  all  of  the 
past  descriptive;  all  of  the  past  absolute  except  the 
third  singular;   and  all  of  the  past  subjunctive. 

Note  that  the  following  endings  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  first  conjugation:  those  of  the  present 
indicative  first  singular,  second  singular,  and  first 
plural;  present  subjunctive  first  and  second  plural; 
imperative  first  plural;  all  of  the  future;  and  all  of 
the  past  future. 

The  endings  which  are  really  unlike  and  not 
parallel  to  those  of  the  first  conjugation  are  then  those 
of  the  past  participle;  present  indicative  third  plural; 
present  subjunctive  singular  and  third  plural;  impera- 
tive second  singular;  and  past  absolute  third  singular. 
Study  these  endings  with  special  care. 

Note  that,  as  in  the  first  conjugation,  the  stress 
rests  on  the  stem  in  the  singular  ami  third  jilural 
forms  of  the  present  tenses. 

Note  that,  as  in  the  first  conjugation,  all  forms 
ending  in  -mo  are  first  person  plund  forms;  that  all 
ending  in  -te  are  second  person  plural  forms;  that  all  in 


Lesson  X    Sections  62-64  43 

which  the  ending  contains  -v-  are  past  descriptive; 
that  all  in  which  the  ending  contains  -ss-  are  past  sub- 
junctive, and  that  all  (except  the  infinitive  and  the  past 
absolute  third  plural)  in  which  the  ending  begins  with 
-er-  are  future  or  past  future. 

62.  qualche  libro        some  book  or 

some  books 

A  combination  of  the  adjective  qualche  with  a 
singular  noun  may  be  either  singular  or  plural  in  idea. 
In  the  latter  case  it  is  equivalent  to  the  combination 
of  del  and  a  plural  noun:  qualche  libro  =  dei  libri. 

63.  mi  vede  he  sees  me 

mi  parla  he  speaks  to  me 

The  word  mi  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun, 
located  in  general  just  before  the  verb.  Sometimes  it 
is  a  direct  object,  meaning  in  general  "me";  sometimes 
it  is  an  indirect  object,  meaning  in  general  "to  me"  or 
"for  me."  It  is  pronounced  without  the  slightest 
stress,  and  without  the  slightest  pause  between  itself 
and  the  verb.  Indeed,  it  forms  in  reality  one  word 
with  the  verb,  just  as  truly  as  if  the  combination 
were  written  mivede  or  miparla  instead  of  being 
written  with  an  intervening  space. 

64.  mi  vedo  I  see  myself 

mi  compro      I     am     buying    myself    a 
un  libro  book,    I    am    bu)dng    a 

book  for  myself 


4 1  I'lRST  Italian  Book 

If  the  veil)  with  wl)ich  mi  is  associated  is  of  the 
first  person,  mi  becomes  reflexive,  and  means  "myself" 
or  "to  myself"  or  "for  myself." 

65.  vedermi  t^  sec  me 

vedrndomi  .'^ceinR  me 

vedutomi  having  seen  me 

vedetemi  see  me 

The  word  mi  sometimes  appears  at  the  end  of  a 
verb  form  inst(>ad  of  just  before  it.  This  location  is  rej^i- 
lar  in  some  cases  (i.e.,  when  the  verb  is  infinitive,  present 
participle,  past  participle  used  absolutely,  or  positive 
imperative)  and  occurs  occasionally  in  other  cases. 

When  mi  is  thus  placed  after  the  infinitive,  the 
infinitive  drops  its  final  e. 

The  mi  thus  placed  is  as  completely  unemphatic  as 
when  standing  before  the  verb.  The  stress  in  the 
combination  of  the  verb  with  mi  rests  upon  the  same 
vowel  in  the  verb  that  would  bo.ir  the  stress  if  tlie  mi 
were  not  there:  vedEndo,vedEndomi;  vedete, vedetemi. 

The  location  of  the  mi  before  one  of  the  forms  that 
might  in  itself  be  either  present  indicative  or  impera- 
tive shows  that  that  form  is  indicative;  its  location 
after  such  a  form  shows  that  that  form  is  imperative. 

Exercise  X 
I.  Identify  these  fortrus,  and  state  in  each  case  the 
infinitive  form  of  the  verb  in  question:  avemmo     cadcssi 
godei      temano      tcnendo      veda      avendo      cade 


Lesson  X    Exercise  X  45 

godere  teme  tenessero  vedano  avesse  cada 
godera  tem6  teneste  vede  avessimo  cadeste 
godersbbe  temeranno  tenete  vedeste  avesti 
cadevano  goderemo  temereste  tenevamo  vedi 
aveva  cadi  godereste  temerono  tenevo  vedo 
avuto      cadiamo     godiate     temi     tenevo     vedono. 

S.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

S.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  combinations 
with  qualche  as  singular  in  idea:  comprer5  qualche 
libro  entro  in  qualche  casa  ha  qualche  idea 
porta  qualche  cosa  cercava  qualche  carta  qualche 
ragazzo  cantava. 

4.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  comhina- 
tions  as  plural  in  idea. 

5.  Pronounce  these  phrases,  with  particular  care 
not  to  give  the  slightest  stress  to  the  mi,  and  not  to  make 
any  pause  between  the  mi  and  the  verb:  vedendomi  mi 
vedi  mi  vede  mi  vedete  mi  vedono  mi  veda 
mi  vedano  vedimi  vedetemi  mi  vedeva  mi 
vedeste  temendomi  mi  temi  mi  teme  mitemete 
mitemono  mi  tema  mitemano  mi  tem^  mi 
temerono  mi  temerai  mi  temer^  mi  temereste 
mi  temerebbero  portandomi  mi  porta  mi  por- 
tate  mi  portano  mi  porti  portami  portatemi 
mi  portava  mi  porta  mi  porter^  mi  porterebbe 
parlandomi  mi  parla  mi  parlate  mi  parlano 
mi  parli  mi  parlino  parlami  parlatemi  im 
parlavano      mi  parlarono      mi  parleranno      mi  par- 


1() 


First  Italian  Book 


lerebbero      mi  tiro      mi  tiravo      mi  tirai      nii  tircro 
mi  tircrei     mi  compro  un  libro    mi  compravo  un  libro, 
6.  Translate  the  same  phrases. 


LESSON  XI 
66.  The  conjugation  of  avere,  "to  have,"  is  as 


follows : 


INFINITIVE 

avere 

PRES.  PART. 

avcndo 

PAST  PART. 

avuto 

INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

ho 

abbia 

hai 

abbia 

abbi 

ha 

abbia 

abbiamo 

abbiamo 

abbiamo 

avete 

abbiate 

abbiate 

hanno 

abbiano 

PAST 

avevo 

DESCRIPTIVE 

etc. 

PAST 

ebbi 

avessi 

ABSOLUTE 

avesti 

ebbe 

avemrao 

aveste 

cbbero 

etc. 

FUTURE 

avro 
avrai 
avra 
etc. 

PAST 

avrei 

FUTURE 

etc. 

Lesson  XI    Sections  67-68  47 

A  special  set  of  short  forms  appears  in  the  singular 
and  in  the  third  plural  of  the  present  indicative. 
Forms  parallel  to  these  four  occur  in  certain  other 
irregular  verbs,  as  will  appear  in  later  lessons.  The 
imperative  forms  are  borrowed  from  the  subjunctive, 
with  an  alteration  in  the  ending  of  the  second  singular. 

Note  carefully  the  irregularity  of  the  past  absolute. 
This  irregularity  affects  three  forms  only:  the  first  and 
third  singular  and  the  third  plural.  These  forms 
have  in  common  an  irregular  stem,  which  is  stressed; 
and  they  have  respectively  the  endings  -4,  -e,  -ero. 
The  three  other  forms  have  the  regular  stem  and  the 
regular  endings.  These  statements  are  true  for  all 
irregular  past  absolutes  in  the  language  (except  three, 
which  will  be  studied  in  later  lessons). 

Note  that  the  future  and  past  future  are  irregular 
only  in  that  the  initial  e  of  the  ending  is  omitted.  This 
is  the  commonest  type  of  future  irregularity. 

67.  Aveva  due  esemplari    He  had  two  copies 
ebbe  due  esemplari       He  got  two  copies 

The  past  absolute  of  avere  has  the  special  sense  of 
"came  to  have,"  "got." 

68.  Parlera  il  posta  The  poet  will  speak 
Poi  entrarono  i  ragazzi    Then  the  boys  came  in 

The  subject  often  stands  after  the  verb,  even  in 
declarative  sentences.  In  the  search  for  the  subject  of 
a  sentence  one  must  therefore  survey  the  words  which 


48  First  Italian  Book 

follow  the  verb  as  well  as  those  which  precede  it,  look- 
ing; for  a  word  which  agrees  with  the  verb  in  form  and 
may  in  common  sense  be  the  subject. 

69.  ti  vedo  I  see  you 

ti  parlo  I  speak  to  you 

ti  vedi  you  see  yourself 

vedendoti       seeing  you 

The  word  ti  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun  of  the 
second  person  singular.  It  is  like  mi  in  respect  to 
pronunciation  and  usage. 

70.  lo  vedo  I  see  him,  I  see  it 
vederlo           to  see  him,  to  see  it 

The  word  lo,  when  it  stands  directly  before  a  verb  or 
is  appended  to  a  verb,  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun, 
meaning  in  general  "him,"  or  "it"  referring  to  a 
masculine  noun  or  to  a  general  idea.  It  is  used  only 
as  direct  object,  and  is  not  used  as  reflexive. 

71.  gli  parlo  I  speak  to  him 
parlategli        speak  to  him 

The  word  gli,  when  it  stands  directly  before  a 
verb  or  is  appended  to  a  verb,  is  a  conjunctive  object 
pronoun,  meaning  in  general  "to  him"  or  "for  him." 
It  is  used  only  as  indirect  object,  and  is  not  used  as 
reflexive. 

72.  la  vedo  I  see  her,  I  see  it,  I  see  you 
vederla  to  see  her,  to  see  it,  to  see  you 


Lesson  XI    Sections  73-74  49 

The  word  la,  when  it  stands  directly  before  a  verb 
or  is  appended  to  a  verb,  is  a  conjunctive  object 
pronoun,  meaning  in  general  "her,"  "it"  referring  to 
a  feminine  noun,  or  "you"  in  the  formal  type  of 
direct  address. 

The  word  la  and  certain  other  third  person  feminine 
pronouns  are  used  in  direct  address  even  when  the 
person  addressed  is  a  man.  The  reason  for  this 
peculiar  usage  will  be  explained  in  a  later  lesson. 

73.  le  parlo       I  speak  to  her,  I  speak  to  you 
parlandole  speaking  to  her,  speaking  to 

you 

The  word  le,  when  it  stands  directly  before  a 
verb  or  is  appended  to  a  verb,  is  a  conjunctive  object 
pronoun.  It  is  (except  in  one  case,  which  will  be  stated 
in  a  later  lesson)  an  indirect  object,  meaning  in  general 
"to  her"  or  "for  her,"  or  "to  you"  or  "for  you"  in  the 
formal  type  of  direct  address. 

74.  Quel  signore  La  cercava    That  gentleman  was 

looking  for  you 

Quel  signore  Le  parlava    That  gentleman  was 

speaking  to  you 

When  the  third  person  feminine  pronouns  are  used 
in  direct  address  they  are  sometimes,  but  not  always, 
capitaHzed.  When  therefore  a  third  person  feminine 
pronoun  is  capitalized  the  reader  may  be  certain 
(unless  the  pronoun  is  the  first  word  in  a  sentence)  that 
it  is  used  in  direct  address. 


60  First  Italian  Book 

Exercise  XI 

/.  Identify:  ho  avr5  hai  avrai  ha  a\Tj\ 
hanno  avranno  cbbc  avrebbc  ebbcro  avrclj- 
bero  abbiaino  avendo  avrciuino  avesse  abbia 
avevi  avenuno  ebbi  avuto  abbi  abbiano 
avevano  avcsti  avrete  avessinio  a\Tei  abbiate 
avrcnio      a\Teste. 

2.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

5.  Pronounce  these  phrases,  with  special  care  not  to 
give  the  slightest  stress  to  the  pronoun,  and  not  to  make 
any  pause  between  the  pronoun  and  the  verb:  lo  tenicvano 
lo  vedcnimo  lo  portarono  lo  niangiai  tenetelo 
tiriainolo  lo  conipri  lo  comtnciano  lo  canteri\ 
jmrlandogli  gli  parlano  gli  parli  parliarnogli 
gli  parlo      gli  parlero      gli  canta      cantat^li. 

4.  Translate  the  same  phrases. 

6.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  la.  as 
meaning  "her":  la  teniono  la  tcinei  tenendola 
la  tencvano      la  portarono      la  portcrcmo. 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  la 
as  meaning  "it." 

7.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  la.  as 
meaning  "you." 

8.  Tran.^late  these  phrases,  regarding  the  le  as  mean- 
ing "to  her":  parlarlc  le  parla  le  parlcrebbe  le 
cantava      le  cantai      le  cantcn\, 

9.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  le  (U 
meaning  "lo  you." 


Lesson  XII    Section  75  61 

10.  Translate:  gli  parleremo  la  veda  mi 
portarono  le  parii  mangiatelo  ti  vedono  la 
tenevamo  gli  canto  parlandole  mi  teme  lo 
cominciai  la  vedo  gli  parlai  le  cantavo  par- 
larmi  ti  vediamo  lo  comprino  portiamola  gli 
parlavate      le  parlerete      mi  veda      vedendolo. 

11.  Translate  these  sentences,  using  the  vocabulary 
as  much  as  may  he  necessary:  1.  Questo  quadro  £ 
inolto  pill  bsllo  dell'  altro.  Se  lo  vede,  lo  comprera. 
2.  Le  portal  il  libro,  e  mi  parlo  delle  strane  idee 
dell'autore.  3.  A  Napoli  La  vedevo  spesso,  ma  qui 
a  Roma  non  La  vedo  mai.  4.  Isri  ebbi  due  giornali 
inglesi.  Le  notfzie  sono  buone.  5.  Chi  parla  ?  Parla 
adesso  il  smdaco,  poi  parler^  il  senatore. 


LESSON  XII 

75.     avere  veduto  to  have  seen 

avsndo  veduto  having  seen 

ho  veduto  I  have  seen 

avro  veduto  I  shall  have  seen 

avrsi  veduto  I  should  have  seen 

Verbal  phrases  consisting  of  a  form  of  avere  and  a 
past  participle  are  used  in  Italian  just  as  verbal  phrases 
consisting  of  a  form  of  "to  have"  and  a  past  participle 
are  used  in  English.  They  may  be  translated  word 
for  word. 


52  First  Italian  Hook 

The  compound  tenses  thus  fonncd  are  called 
perfect  tenses.  The  compound  tense  formed  with  the 
present  of  avere  is  called  the  present  perfect;  that 
formed  with  the  past  descriptive  is  called  the  past 
perfect;  that  formed  with  the  past  absolute  is  called 
the  second  pa.st  perfect;  that  formed  with  the  future  is 
called  the  future  perfect;  and  that  formed  with  the 
past  future  is  called  the  past  future  perfect. 

76.  la  casa  che  ho  veduta 
or 

la  casa  che  ho  veduto     the  house  which  I  have 

seen 

When  a  verbal  phrase  consisting  of  a  form  of  avere 
and  a  past  participle  has  a  direct  object,  the  past 
participle  often  changes  in  ending  to  agree  with  that 
object;  but  it  may,  in  most  Ciises,  remain  in  the 
mascuUne  singular  form.  When  the  ending  is  changed, 
it  serves  to  mark  the  relationship  between  the  object 
and  the  past  participle. 

77.  alto  high 
altissimo  very  high 
interessante  interesting 
interessantissimo  very  interesting 
bene  well 
benissimo              very  well 

The  ending  -^s.fhno  is  a  sutTix  added  to  adjectives 
or  adverbs  to  intensify  their  force. 


Lesson  XII    Sections  78-80 


53 


78.  si  vede  he  sees  himself,  she  sees 

herself,  you  see  yourself 
si  compra  un  libro  he  is  buying  himself  a 
book,  she  is  buying  her- 
self a  book,  you  are 
buying  yourself  a    book 

The  word  si  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun  of  the 
third  person,  direct  or  indirect.  It  is  always  reflexive, 
and  serves  as  masculine,  as  feminine,  and  in  formal 
direct  address. 

79.  si  vede  he  is  seen,  she  is  seen,  it  is 

seen 
la  casa  si  vede  the  house  is  seen 

si  vedeva  he  was  seen,  she  was  seen, 

it  was  seen 
la  casa  si  vedeva      the  house  was  seen 

The  combination  of  si  with  a  verb  often  serves  as 
a  substitute  for  a  passive  phrase.  The  combination 
may  then  be  translated  by  the  corresponding  passive 
form  of  the  proper  EngHsh  verb:  that  is,  by  the  form 
of  "to  be"  which  corresponds  to  the  form  of  the  Itahan 
verb,  together  with  the  past  participle  of  the  proper 
English  verb. 


80. 


si  vede 

si  vede  la  casa 

si  arriva 

si  resta 

si  toma 


one  sees 

one  sees  the  house 

one  arrives 

one  stays 

one  returns 


54  FiiisT  Itauan  Book 

Tlie  same  pronoun  si  is  often  used  with  the  value  of 
an  unemphatic  incicfinite  suhjcet,  like  the  P>eneh  on 
and  the  German  7nan,  or  the  English  "one,"  "they," 
"people." 

Exercise  XII 

/.  TransJaie:  avri\  cantato  avevano  comprato 
avreste  parlato  abbiaino  veduto  avendo  pensato 
avrj  portato  hanno  ccrcato  aveva  tenuto  avrcb- 
bero  avuto  hai  pagato  avremo  coininciato  avevi 
goduto  avrei  mangiato  avere  teinuto  avremmo 
cantato  avranno  comprato  avete  parlato  avevo 
veduto  avresti  pensato  avendo  portato  avevamo 
ccrcato  avrete  tenuto  avrebbe  avuto  ho  comin- 
ciato. 

2.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  si  as 
meaning  "himself"  (trovare  means  "to  find"):  si 
tr.:)va  si  trov.')  si  trover^  si  trovi  trovarsi 
trovandosi  si  tira  si  tirj  si  tircrebbe  si  tiri 
tirandosi  si  vede  si  vedeva  si  veda  vedersi 
vedendosi  si  tencva  tcnersi  tenendosi  si 
compra  un  libro  si  comprava  un  libro  si  compro 
un  libro  si  comproril  un  libro  si  coinprcrebbe  un 
libro  si  compri  un  libro  comprarsi  un  Ubro  com- 
prandosi  un  lii)ro, 

5.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  Die  si  a* 
wica ning  "  herself. ' ' 

4.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  th'  si  a* 
meaning  "yourself." 


Lesson  XIII    Section  81  65 

6.  Translate  these  phrases,  using  a  passive  construc- 
tion with  "he"  as  subject:  si  trova  si  trovava  si 
trovb  si  trover^  si  troverebbe  si  cerca  si 
cercava  si  cerco  si  cercher^  si  cerchersbbe 
si  cerchi       si  vede      si  vedeva      si  teneva, 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  using  a  passive  con- 
struction with  "she"  as  subject. 

7.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  si  as  an 
unemphatic  indefinite  subject:  si  trova  si  cercher^ 
si  vedeva  si  comincersbbe  si  pago  si  antra  si 
parlersbbe  si  mangio  si  temera  si  teneva  si 
tomerebbe      si  cade      si  ha      si  arrivo      si  restera. 

8.  Translate:  1.  Quando  entrammo,  avevano  gi^ 
cominciato  a  parlargli  di  quell'  affare.  2.  Se  I'avesse 
cercato  bsne,  I'avrebbe  trovato.^  3.  Entro  nel  salotto 
e  si  trovo  in  presenza  del  conte,  che  {who)  sembrava 
contentz'ssimo.  4.  Si  parla  molto  di  questo 
romanzo.  Mi  sembra  interessantissimo.  5.  Lo 
cupola  si  vede  li  in  fondo,  tra  gli  alberi. 


81. 


LESSON  XIII 

credere 

to  believe 

battere 

to  beat 

perdere 

to  lose 

ricevere 

to  receive 

ripctere 

to  repeat 

vendere 

to  sell 

'  V  before  a  verb  represents  lo  or  la. 


5G 


First  Italian  Book 


Verbs  in  which  the  infinitive  ends  in  -ere,  the  stress 
resting  on  the  stem,  are  classed  as  verba  of  the  third 
conjuKation. 

Verbs  of  the  second  conjugation  and  verbs  of  the 
third  conjiif!;ation  difTer  only  in  the  position  of  the  stress 
in  the  infinitive. 


82.     credei  or  credctti 
credesti 

crede  or  credette 
credemmo 
credeste 


I  believed 
you  believed 
he  believed 
we  believed 
vou  believed 


crederono  or  credettero    they  believed 

Many,  but  not  all,  verbs  of  the  .second  and  third 
conjugations  have  an  extra  set  of  forms  in  the  past 
absolute  first  singular,  third  singular,  and  third  plural. 
These  extra  forms  have  the  endings  -etti,  -cite,  -ettcro. 
Note  that  these  endings  have  the  same  relation  to 
each  other  as  the  endings  of  the  standard  set  of  irregular 
past  absolute  endings;   see  Section  66. 

PLURAL 

83.         fuDco  fire  fuochi 

duca  duke  duchi 

occhio  eye  Dcchi 

luDgo  place  luDghi 

colltga  colleague  colhghi 

bibliotrca  library  bibliotrche 

bottega  shop  botteghe 

fresco  fresh  freschi 

fresca  fresh  fresche 


Lesson  XIII    Section  84 


57 


Plural  noun  or  adjective  forms  ending  in  -chi  corre- 
spond to  singular  forms  in  -co,  -ca,  or  -chio;  plural 
forms  in  -ghi  correspond  to  singular  forms  in  -go  or  -ga; 
plural  forms  in  -che  correspond  to  singular  forms  in 
-ca;  and  plural  forms  in  -ghe  correspond  to  singular 
forms  in  -ga.  The  h  serves  to  preserve  the  hard  sound 
of  the  c  or  g. 

84.        laccio 
amico 
voce 
villcggio 
teologo 
doge 
arancia 
vah'gia 
grigio 
grzgia 

Plural  forms  in  -d  correspond  to  singular  forms 
in  -CIO,  -co,  or  -ce;  plural  forms  in  -gi  correspond  to 
singular  forms  in  -gio,  -go,  or  -ge;  plural  forms  in  -ce 
correspond  to  singular  forms  in  -cia;  and  plural  forms 
in  -ge  correspond  to  singular  forms  in  -gia. 

(In  the  case  of  words  which  end  in  the  singular  in 
-CIO,  -gio,  -da,  or  -gia,  the  i  is  dropped,  in  the  formation 
of  the  plural,  because  it  is  not  needed,  before  the  plural 
endings  i  and  e,  for  the  preservation  of  the  soft  sound 
of  the  c  or  g.  In  the  case  of  words  which  end  in  the 
singular  in  -co  or  -go,  the  formation  of  the  plural  in  -d  or 


PLURAL 

snare 

lacci 

friend 

amici 

voice 

voci 

village 

villaggi 

theologian 

teologi 

doge 

dogi 

orange 

arance 

valise 

valige 

gray- 

grigi 

gray 

grige 

68  First  Italian  Book 

-gi  rather  th;iii  in  -chi  or  -ghi  is  really  irregular,  since 
the  sound  of  the  c  or  g,  hard  in  the  singular,  becomes 
soft  in  the  phiral  form.) 

PLURAL 

85.  studio         study  studi,  studii, 

studi,  studj 
vario  various        vari,  varii, 

vari,  varj 
varia  various        varie 

Plural  forms  in  -u,  -t,  or  -j,  correspond  to  singular 
forms  in  -io;  and  plural  forms  in  -t  may  correspond  to 
singular  forms  in  -io.  The  spelling  with  the  single  i  is 
now  the  commonest  spelling  for  such  words.  The  cir- 
cumflex accent  on  a  final  i  does  not  denote  stress. 

86.  ci  vede  he  sees  us 

ci  parla  he  speaks  to  us 

ci  vediamo      we  see  ourselves,  we  see 

each  other 
vederci  to  see  us 

The  word  ci  serves  as  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun 
of  the  first  person  plural,  direct  or  indirect,  non- 
reflexive,  reflexive,  or  reciprocal. 

87.  ci  arrivb  he  arrived  here  or  there 
ci  resta  he  stays  here  or  there 
c'e                   tiiere  is 

ci  sono  there  are 

The  word  ci  serves  also  as  a  conjunctive  adverb 
meaning  in  general  "here"  or  "there." 


Lesson  XIII    Sections  88-89  59 

88.  vi  vede  he  sees  you 

vi  parla  he  speaks  to  you 

vi  vedete        you  see  yourself  or  yourselves, 

you  see  each  other 
vedutovi         having  seen  you 

The  word  vi  serves  as  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun 
of  the  second  person,  singular  or  plural  in  idea,  direct 
or  indirect,  non-reflexive,  reflexive,  or  reciprocal. 

89.  vi  arrivb  he  arrived  there 
vi  resta           he  stays  there 

vi  tomera       he  will  return  there 
vi  £  there  is 

vi  sono  there  are 

The  word  vi  serves  also  as  a  conjunctive  adverb, 
meaning  in  general  "there."  Ci  and  vi  correspond  to 
the  French  y;  and  the  phrases  c'c,  ci  sono,  v'e  and  vi 
sono  correspond  to  the  French  il  y  a. 

Exercise  XIII 
1.  Identify  these  forms,  and  state  in  each  case  the 
infinitive  of  the  verb  in  question:  crede  battendo 
perdemmo  riceveranno  ripetersbbero  venda 
ripetuto  ricevete  perdetti  battano  credereste 
batter^  ricevevi  ripetiamo  vendevano  ripetci 
perdersbbe  credessero  battuto  riceveranno 
venderemo  perdo  credettero  battete  crediamo 
perdevo  ricevendo  ripet^  vendesse  credi 
battessi  credeva  perdiamo  ricevi  ripeterai 
venderesti       credero       batterono       perderete. 


60  FiitsT  Italian  Book 

f .  Trandnte  the  same  fomis. 

5.  Find  the  singular  forms  corresponding  to  these  noun 
plural  forms,  using  the  vocnhulary  irhen  necessary: 
baci  barehe  boschi  botteglie  cataloghi  ciliEgc 
croci  dcsiderj  effigi  facce  figli  giacche 
giudici  guance  leghe  niedici  occhi  paesaggi 
parchi       patriarch!      piagge       preghi      spazii. 

4.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  ci  and  vi  as 
pronouns:  ci  pagherete  vi  riceveranno  parlarci 
ci  ricevette  tenciidoNT  ccrcf/tcci  vi  cantcrb  ci 
tenevano  vi  pagai  ci  portcreste  vi  parleremo 
vedendoci      vi  portorfi      vi  cercava      ci  parlino. 

6.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  ci  and  vi 
as  meaning  "onrselres"  and  ''yourselves^' :  ci  trovaimno 
vi  tenete  ci  trovcreino  tenendovi  ci  compraiumo 
dei  libri      ripetetevi  le  frasi. 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  ci  and  vi 
as  meaning  ''each  other  J" 

7.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  ci  and  vi 
CLS  adverbs:  ci  arriveremo  vi  resto  ci  abita  entra- 
tevi  ci  cantano  vi  cadono  entrandoci  tornatovi 
ci  vendcvano  del  libri      vi  comjirerj  dei  libri. 

8.  Translate:  1.  Ci  sono  dclle  fabbriche  anche  pid 
grandi  di  questa  in  vari  luDglii  deU'Italia.  2.  leri 
pcrdette  quella  carta,  e  iioii  I'ha  trovata  ancora, 
bench^  abbia  ccrcato  tutta  la  mattina.  3.  /Ibitano 
qut  vicino,  ma  non  ci  sono  aniici.  4.  Ci  si  vendeva 
dei  fichi  frcschi.  5.  Luiicdl  lo  ripctevano  tutti,  nia 
oggi  non  c'e  nessuno  die  lo  crcda. 


Lesson  XIV    Section  90 


61 


LESSON  XIV 
90.  The  conjugation  of  essere,  "to  be,"  is  as  follows : 


INFINITIVE 

£ssere 

PRES.  PART. 

essendo 

PAST  PART. 

state 

INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

sono 

sia 

SEi 

sia 

sii 

E 

sia 

siamo 

siamo 

siamo 

siete 

siate 

siate 

sono 

s/ano 

PAST 

Ero 

DESCRIPTIVE 

Eli 

Era 

eravamo 

eravate 

Erano 

PAST 

fui 

fossi 

ABSOLUTE 

fosti 

fossi 

fu 

fosse 

fummo 

fossimo 

foste 

foste 

furono 

fossero 

FUTURE 

saro 

sarai 

sara 

etc. 

PAST 

sarei 

FUTURE 

etc. 

62  First  Italian  Book 

91^  Essere  veduto  to  l>c  seen 

essrndo  veduto  bcinR  seen 

sono  veduto  I  am  seen 

era  veduta  she  was  seen 

saremo  veduti  we  shall  be  seen 

\'erbal  phrases  consisting  of  a  form  of  essere  and  a 
past  participle  are  used  in  Italian,  just  as  vcrjjal  phrases 
consisting  of  a  form  of  "to  be"  and  a  past  participle 
are  used  in  English,  to  express  a  passive  idea.  They 
may  be  translated  word  for  word. 

A  past  participle  used  with  fssere  in  such  a  phrase 
changes  in  ending  to  agree  with  the  subject,  and  may 
thus  afford  help  in  the  identification  of  the  subject. 

92.  li  vedo     I  see  them,  I  see  you  (plurnl) 
vederli     to  see  them,  to  sec  you  (plural) 

The  word  li  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun, 
meaning  in  general  "them,"  or  "you"  when  used  in 
the  formal  type  of  direct  address.  It  is  used  only  as 
direct  object,  and  is  not  used  as  reflexive.  It  refers 
to  a  group  of  persons  of  whom  at  least  one  is  a  man, 
to  a  group  of  nouns  of  which  at  least  one  is  masculine, 
or  to  a  masculine  j)lural  noun. 

93.  le  vedo    I  .see  them,  I  see  you  (plural) 
vederle    to  see  them,  to  see  you  (])lural) 

The  word  le  is  a  conjunctive  object  pronoun.  It 
is  (except  in  the  case  stated  in  Section  73)  a  direct 
object,  meaning  in  general  "them,"  or  "you"  when  u.>^ed 
in  the  formal  type  of  direct  address.     It  is  used  only 


Lesson  XIV    Section  94  63 

as  direct  object,  and  is  not  used  as  reflexive.  It  refers 
to  an  all-feminine  group  of  persons  or  nouns,  or  to  a 
feminine  plural  noun. 

Note  that  when  le  is  a  direct  object  it  is  plural, 
and  means  "them"  or  "you";  and  that  when  it  is 
an  indirect  object  it  is  singular,  and  means  "to  her" 
or  "to  you." 

94.     parlo  lore  I  speak  to  them,  I  speak  to 

you  (plural) 
parlando  lore      speaking  to  them,  speaking  to 
you  (plural) 

The  word  lore  serves  as  a  semi-conjunctive  indirect 
object,  meaning  in  general  "to  them"  or  "for  them," 
or  "to  you"  or  "for  you"  when  used  in  the  formal  type 
of  direct  address.  It  refers  either  to  masculine  or 
to  feminine  antecedents.  It  stands  after  and  separate 
from  the  verb  form. 

Exercise  XIV 

1.  Identify:  siete  fu  sarsbbe  fwrono  sono 
sarai  fosse  saremmo  ssi  8ri  sarb  sia 
srano  fosti  sarete  stano  sareste  saremo  h 
sarsbbero  siate  fui  saresti  fossimo  sara 
siamo  stato  sarsi  essEudo  saranno  sii 
eravamo. 

2.  Translate  the  same  forms, 

S.  Translate:  sara  portata  era  mangiato  essendo 
cercato  fu  cominciato  sarete  tenuti  saremo 
veduti       sono  venduti       saremmo  creduti       sareste 


(il  First  Italian  Book 

terauto  siamo  perduti  furono  battuti  funimo 
ricevute  sia  portato  saranno  uianpiati  sono 
corcati  k.  coiniiiciato  sVano  tcimti  fu  veduto 
crano  venduti  sara  crcduta  sono  teinuti  "sareimno 
perduti      sareste  battuti      sarii  riccvuta. 

4.  Trarifdatc  these  phrases,  regarding  the  li  as  mean- 
ing "them":  li  porter^  li  ccrcammo  teincrli  li 
ricevctte      li  vedono. 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  li  as 
meaning  "you." 

6.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  le  a<<  v\can- 
ing  "them":  le  portercnio  le  cerchi  le  tcaiono  le 
ricevemmo      vedeudole. 

7.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  le  as 
meanitig  "you." 

8.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  le  as  meaning 
"to  her"  or  "them"  according  as  it  is  indirecl  or  direct 
object:  le  vede  le  parla  le  trovai  le  riccvettcro 
le  cantava      le  portJ  dei  libri. 

9.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  le  as 
meaning  "to  you"  (sins.)  or  "you"  (pi.)  according  as 
it  is  imlirecl  or  direct  object. 

10.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  loro  as 
meaning  "to  them":  parlainmo  loro  cant/zvano  loro 
portero  loro  dei  libri  coinpri  loro  dci  libri  ripe- 
tcranno  loro  le  frasi. 

//.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  loro 
as  meaning  "to  you." 


Lesson  XV    Section  95  65 

12.  Translate:  1.  Stamane  Le  vedemmo  mentre 
entravano  nel  palazzo  dove  ci  sono  quei  quadri  antichi. 
2.  Vi  fu  portato  da  due  uomini  fortissimi.  3.  Sono 
certo  che  {that)  se  non  I'avesse  creduto  non  I'avrebbe 
ripetuto  loro.  4.  Si  crede  che  ci  abbia  comprato 
qualche  libro  di  molto  valore.  5.  Temeva  che  i 
biglietti  fossero  perduti;  ma  per  fortuna  li  trovo  un 
ragazzo  che  11  porta  swbito  alia  casa. 

LESSON  XV 

95.         sono  entrato  I  have  entered 

ero  caduto  I  had  fallen 

Era  arrivata  she  had  arrived 

ess8ndo  tomato  having  returned 

sono  stato  I  have  been 

siamo  stati  veduti  we  have  been  seen 

Verbal  phrases  with  essere  do  not  always  have  a 
passive  idea;  for  with  certain  verbs  essere  is  used 
instead  of  avere  in  the  formation  of  perfect  tenses  (see 
Section  75).  The  past  participle,  in  this  case,  agrees 
with  the  subject. 

The  distinction  between  passive  and  perfect  phrases 
is  not  difficult  in  practice.  If  in  doubt,  try  translating 
the  form  of  essere  by  the  proper  form  of  "to  be."  If 
it  makes  sense,  the  translation  is  correct,  and  the  phrase 
is  passive.  If  it  does  not  make  sense,  the  phrase  is  per- 
fect, not  passive,  and  the  form  of  essere  is  to  be  trans- 
lated by  the  corresponding  form  of  the  verb  "to  have." 


66  First  Italian  Book 

96.  si  vedono      they  see  thcmsolvos  or  each  other, 

you    see    yourselves    or    each 
other 

The  word  si  when  used  with  a  third  personal  plural 
verb  is  reflexive  or  reciprocal,  and  serves  as  masculine, 
as  feminine,  and  in  formal  direct  address. 

97.  si  vedono  thej'  are  seen 

si  vedono  le  case  the  houses  are  seen 

The  combination  of  si  with  a  third  plural  verb 
often  serves  as  a  substitute  for  a  passive  phrase: 
compare  Section  79. 

98.  ne  parlo  I  sprak  of  it  or  of  them 
ne  vedo  il  tetto              I  i^ce  its  roof 

ne  ho  I  have  some 

non  ne  ho  I  haven't  any 

The  word  ne  is  a  conjunctive  pronoun  of  the  third 
person.  It  means  in  general  "of  it"  or  "of  them,"  or 
"some"  or  "any."     It  corresponds  to  the  French  en. 

99.  ne  vengo  I  come  from  there 

The  word  ne  serves  as  also  a  conjunctive  adverb. 
It  is  then  an  unomphatic  ecjuivalent  of  the  phrase  di  la, 
and  means  in  general  "from  there." 

100.    un  tal  suono  =un  tale  suono 

^uvh  a  .<ound 
un  sol  giomo  =  un  solo  giomo 

a  single  day 


Lesson  XV    Section  100 


67 


fratel  caro 
andiam  subito 
ben  cominciato 
son  tomato 
ban  dovuto  parlare 

il  signor  Ghedini 
dopo  aver  cercato 
sarebber  caduti 

un  buon  ragazzo 


=frat8llo  caro 

dear  brother 

=  andiamo  subito 

let's  go  at  once 
=  b£ne  cominciato 

well  begun 
=  sono  tomato 

I  have  returned 
=hanno  dovuto  parlare 

they  have  had  to 

speak 
=  il  signore  Ghedini 

Mr.  Ghedini 
=  dopo  avere  cercato 

after  having  tried 
=  sarebbero  caduti 

they   would   have 

fallen 

a  good  boy 


Aside  from  the  words  con,  don,  non,  il,  in,  per  (and 
a  very  few  rare  words)  Italian  words  do  not  end,  in 
their  true  form,  in  I,  m,  n,  or  r.  Ahnost  any  page  of 
written  Italian,  however,  will  show  a  number  of  forms 
ending  in  I,  m,  n,  or  r,  other  than  the  words  just  listed. 
Such  forms  are  abbreviated.  They  may  in  general 
be  completed  by  the  addition  of  e  or  o.  A  few  forms 
ending  in  I  are  to  be  completed  by  the  addition  of  a,  lo, 
or  le;  a  few  ending  in  n  by  the  addition  of  i  or  no; 
and  a  few  ending  in  r  by  the  addition  of  a,  i,  or  re. 


08  FiitsT  Italian  Hook 

Words  arc  thus  al)l)rcvi.'itcd  only  wlion  closely 
connected  in  thought  with  the  followinR  word.  In 
rcadinK,  therefore,  one  must  be  careful  not  to  pause 
after  an  al)l)reviated  word. 

(Such  abbreviation  is  in  general  an  optional  matter, 
within  certain  limits.  It  has,  however,  l)ecome  a 
fixed  usage  in  certain  forms  of  the  articles  and  of  brllo 
and  quello,  which  have  already  been  noted;  also  in  tlie 
use  of  buon  for  buono  before  a  ma^sculine  singular  word.) 

101.     un  gran  po eta       =un  grande  poeta 

a  great  poet 
San  Francesco      =  St.  Francis 

Gran  is  an  abbreviated  form  of  grande  (u.^cd  often 
and  before  words  of  various  types,  but  not  as  a  matter 
of  fixed  usage).  San  is  an  abbreviated  form  of  Santo 
(used,  as  a  matter  of  fixed  u.sagc,  before  masculine 
names  beginning  with  a  con.sonant  other  than  s  impure 
or  z). 

EXEUCISK   XV 

/.  Translate:  crano  caduti  eri  entrato  sicte 
stati  sci  arrivato  sarebbe  tornata         essendo 

entrato  san\  stato  eravamo  tornati  sarei  caduto 
saremo  arrivati  e  stata  portata  sarebbero  stjiti 
perduti  crano  stati  cominciati  essendo  stato 
pagato      .sar:\  stato  veduto. 

t.  Translair.  these  phrases,  regarding  the  si  as  mean- 
ing "themselves'^:   si  trovano      si  vcdcvano      trovars' 


Lesson  XV    Exercise  XV  69 

vedsndosi      si  compravano  dei  libri      si  compreranno 

dei  libri, 

S.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  subject 
as  meaning  "they"  and  the  si  as  meaning  "each  other" 

4.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  si  as 
meaning  "yourselves." 

5.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  subject 
as  meaning  "you"  and  the  si  as  meaning  "each  other." 

6.  Translate  these  phrases,  using  a  passive  construo- 
tion  with  "they"  as  subject:  si  trovano  si  trovarono 
si  cercano      si  cercheranno      si  vedono      si  tenevano. 

7.  Translate:  ne  comprano  ne  avevano  ne 
cerchi  ne  manger^  ne  parlai  ne  porterete  ne 
ricevettero      vedendone      parlatene      ne  avrebbe. 

8.  Translate:  si  trovo  parliamole  lo  niangiai 
vi  cantero  si  cerciieranno  mi  vedo  cantategli 
temerli  si  arrivb  ti  vedemmo  si  compravano  dei 
libri  ci  ricevette  ne  avrebbe  mi  parlavano  ci 
trovainmo  vi  rest5  si  torner^  li  portera  la 
temei  si  comtncia  le  cerchi  gli  parlano  porterb 
loro  dei  libri  si  trovano  ci  arriveremo  ti  vedesti 
le  parla  lo  porto  vedendole  ne  comprano  la 
riceveremo  ci  pagherete  si  trovi  ti  parleranno 
parlammo  loro  si  comprava  un  libro  vi  parleremo 
si  cerc5      vedendosi      ripetetevi  le  frasi. 

9.  Find  the  full  form  of  these  words,  using  the  vocahu^ 
la.ry  when  necessary:  amor  avran  buon  cadon 
castel        ciel        dottor        gran        lor        man        mar 


70  VuiST  Italian  Book 

nessun  nobil  or  par  parlar  pensier  por 
j)rofessor      qual      san      siam      val. 

10.  Translate:     1.     Sei     state     mai     a     Vcnczia  ? 
Aurora    no,    ma    spero    di    aiidarvH    ranno    prossitiio. 

2.  e  gia  arrivato:  lo  trovcri\  cosli  altri  nclla  bibliotEca, 

3.  Si  vedevano  sui  monti  dei  fuochi  di  gioia.  4.  Mi 
ha  domandato  del  denaro,  ma  pur  troppo  non  ne  ho. 
5.  Non  tcma  i)iii:   sono  stati  trovati. 


102. 


LESSON  XVI 

sentire 

to  feel 

divertire 

to  amuse 

dormire 

to  sleep 

partire 

to  depart 

seguire 

to  follow 

servire 

to  serve 

vestire 

to  dress 

Verbs  in  which  the  infinitive  ends  in  -ire  are  classed 
as  verbs  of  the  fourth  conjugation. 


Lesson  XVI    Section  103 


71 


103.  The  entire  conjugation  of  sentire  is  as  follows: 
INFINITIVE      sentire 
PRES.  PART,    sentendo 
PAST  PART,      sentito 

INDICATIVE      SUBJUNCTIVE    IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT 

S£nto 

senta 

senti 

senta 

senti 

sente 

SEnta 

sentiamo 

sentiamo 

sentiamo 

sentite 

sentiate 

sentite 

sentono 

sent^no 

PAST 

sentivo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

etc. 

PAST 

sentii 

sentissi 

ABSOLUTE 

sentisti 

senti 

sentiramo 

sentiste 

sent/rono 

etc. 

FUTURE 

sentiro 
etc. 

PAST 

sentire! 

FUTURE 

etc. 

The  fourth  conjugation,  as  a  whole,  differs  from  the 
others  in  that  its  characteristic  vowel  is  i.  Note  that 
the  following  endings  of  the  fourth  conjugation  are 
exactly  like  the  corresponding  endings  of  the  other 
conjugations,  except  in  the  fact  that  the  stressed 
vowel  is  i:    those  of  the  infinitive;    past  participle; 


72  I'lKST  Italian  Book 

present  indicative  second  plural;  imponitive  second 
plural;  all  of  the  past  descriptive;  all  of  the  past 
absolute;   ami  all  of  the  past  subjunctive. 

Note  that  the  following  endings  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  second  conjugation;  those  of  the  present 
participle;  and  all  in  the  present  tenses  except  the  in- 
dicative second  plural  and  imperative  second  plural. 

Note  that  the  endings  of  the  future  and  past 
future  l)egin  with  -ir  instead  of  with  -cr. 

Note  that,  as  in  the  first  conjugation,  the  stress 
rests  on  the  stem  in  the  singular  and  third  plural  forms 
of  the  present  tenses. 

Note  that  all  forms  ending  in  -mo  are  first  person 
plural  forms;  that  all  ending  in  -te  are  second  pers<  i. 
plural  forms;  that  all  in  which  the  ending  contains  -r- 
are  past  descrii)tive;  that  all  in  which  the  ending 
contains  -ss-  are  past  subjimctive;  and  that  all  (except 
the  infinitive  and  the  past  absolute  third  plural)  in  which 
the  ending  begins  with  -ir-  are  future  or  past  future. 

104.     me  lo  prescnta  he  pre.«!ents  him  to  me 

te  la  prcsrnta  he  presents  her  to  you 

ce  li  prescnta  he  presents  them  to  us 

ve  le  presrnta  he  presents  them  to  you 

me  ne  parla  he  speaks  of  it  to  me 

te  lo  presrnti  you  present  it  to  yourself 

ce  lo  presentiarao  we  pre.'^ent  it  to  ourselves 
or  to  each  other 


Lesson  XVI    Section  105  73 

ve  lo  presentate      you  present  it  to  your- 
selves or  to  each  other 
presentandomelo     presenting  him  to  me 
presentatemelo        present  him  to  me 
ce  lo  trovai  I  found  him  here 

ve  lo  trovai  I  found  him  there 

The  words  me,  te,  ce,  and  ve,  when  immediately 
preceding  one  of  the  conjunctives  lo,  la,  li,  le,  and  ne, 
are  themselves  special  conjunctive  forms.  Me  and  te 
are  equivalent  respectively  to  mi  and  ti  as  indirect 
objects;  and  ce  and  ve  are  equivalent  in  meaning  to  ci 
and  vi  as  indirect  objects,  or  to  the  adverbs  ci  and  vi. 

These  words  are  pronounced  without  the  slightest 
stress,  and  without  the  slightest  pause  between  them- 
selves and  the  following  word.  Me  lo  presenta  is 
just  as  truly  a  single  word  as  if  it  were  written  melo- 
presenta. 

Note  that  in  translating  combinations  such  as 
me  lo  presenta  the  English  words  must  be  arranged 
in  an  order  exactly  the  reverse  of  the  Italian  order. 

105.     il  mio  giardino  my  garden 

11  tuo  giardino  your  garden 

il  suo  giardino  his  garden,  her  garden, 

its  garden,  your  garden 

il  nostro  giardino  our  garden 

il  vostro  giardino  your  garden 

il  loro  giardino  their  garden,  your  garden 


71  FiiisT  Italian  Book 

The  words  mio,  tuo,  suo,  nortro,  and  vastro  are 
poasessives,  and  loro  is  in  many  cases  a  possessive. 
The  possess ivcs  arc  usually  preceded  by  a  form  of  the 
definite  article,  which  is  of  course  to  be  disregarded  in 
translation.     Note  that  suo  has  four  possiljle  meanings. 

Mio,  tuo,  and  suo  are  regular  in  the  formation  of 
(he  feininiiio  singular  and  feminine  plural  forms;  the 
masculine  plural  forms  are  howi'ver  mici,  tuoi,  and  suoi 
respectively:  i  mici  libri,  i  tuoi  libri,  i  suDi  libri. 

Nostro  and  vostro  are  entirely  regular. 

Loro  is  invariable:  il  loro  giardino,  la  loro  casa, 
i  loro  libri,  le  loro  case. 

106. 

Sono  contento  del  mio  I    am     content    with 

what  I  have 

I  suDi  non  voglioao  che  His  people  do  not  want 

vada  him  to  go 

Sta  dalla  mia  He  is  on  my  side 

The  possessives  are  used  in  many  elliptic  idioms 
such  as  those  given  above.  The  masculine  singular 
used  absolutely  with  the  article  often  denotes  the 
property  of  the  person  indicated;  and  the  m:isculine 
plural  his  family,  friends,  or  followers.  The  third 
phrase  is  one  of  many  idioinatic  Italian  phrases  which 
have  a  feminine  form,  although  no  definite  feminine 
noun  is  referred  to. 


Lesson  XVI    Exercise  XVI  75 

Exercise  XVI 

1.  Identify  these  forms,  and  state  in  each  case  the 
infinitive  of  the  verb  in  question:  sentiranno  divsrte 
dormirebbero  partsndo  seguimmo  serv?.  ve- 
stito  sentite  divertii  dormano  partireste 
seguivi  servir^  vestiamo  senttvano  diverti- 
rebbe  donmssero  partito  seguiranno  servo 
vestiremo  sentzrono  divertite  dorniiamo  pai- 
tivo  segusndo  servi  vestisse  senti  divertissi 
dormiva  partiamo  segui  servirai  vesU'rono 
sentiresti  divertiro  dormi  partirete  seguiremmo 
servano      vesti. 

2.  Translate  the  same  forms. 

S.  Translate:  me  ne  parlerebbe  ve  la  pressnto 
te  li  presentammo  ce  lo  canterebbe  portandomele 
ripetertelo  ve  ne  porteremo  me  lo  ripetei  te  la 
presentero  ripetiamocelo  me  la  pressnti  ce  lo 
ripetemmo  ce  ne  comprano  ripetetevelo  ce  li 
seguirb  ce  lo  perder^  ve  ne  mangiai  ce  li  teneva 
me  le  ha  presentate  ve  11  aveva  venduti  te  lo 
hanno  ripetuto      ce  ne  hanno  parlato. 

4.  Translate:  i  nostri  ragazzi  il  suo  pane  le 
tue  mani  il  loro  libro  il  mio  scialle  la  sua  lezione 
le  nostre  idee  i  loro  monti  la  vostra  frase 
i  suoi  esami  le  mie  dita  la  loro  idea  i  tuoi  onori 
le  vostre  citt^  i  miei  libri  le  sue  carte  i  nostri 
giomi      le  loro  case. 


"G 


First  Italian  Book 


6.  Translate:  1.  Se  non  I'avete  piil  scntito,  ve  lo 
ripcten\  sta>cra.  2.  Qiiaiido  jKirtl  per  andare  alia 
stazione  i  suoi  ce  lo  scKuirono.  3.  A  quel  tcatro  si 
divertirii,  niolto:  gli  attori  sono  bravissimi.  4.  Lo 
coinprj  un  niio  aiiiico  e  nie  lo  port5  come  rcgalo  di 
Natale.  5.  La  loro  casa  t  pid  grande  e  piCl  ricca 
della  nostra,  ma  ^i  mcno  bella.  E  poi:  "casa  mia, 
casa  mia,  bella  o  brutta  che  tu  sia,  tu  mi  pari  una 
badia." 

LESSON  XVII 

107.  The  present  tenses  of  finire,  "to  finish,"  arc 
as  follows: 


INDICATIVE 

finisco 

SUDJUNCTIVE 

finisca 

IMPERATIVE 

finisci 
finisce 

finisca 
finisca 

finisci 

finiamo 

finiamo 

finiamo 

finite 

finiate 

finite 

finjscono 

finiscano 

This  inflection  dilTcrs  from  that  of  sentire  in  that 
-ISC-  is  inserted  between  the  stem  and  the  ending  in 
the  singular  forms  and  the  third  plural  forms.  Note 
that  the  sc  has  the  sound  of  sk  before  the  endings  -o, 
-cno,  -a,  and  -ayjo,  and  the  sound  of  sh  before  the 
endin;:s  -i  and  -e. 

In  all  forms  other  than  those  of  the  present  tenses 
finire  is  like  sentire. 


Lesson  XVII    Sections  lOa-109  77 

Most  common  regular  verbs  of  the  fourth  conjuga- 
tion, aside  from  those  hsted  in  Section  102,  are  like 
finire  in  the  inflection  of  the  present  tenses.  Such, 
for  instance,  are  the  verbs  capire,  "to  understand"; 
colpire,  "to  strike";  preferire,  "to  prefer";  riferire, 
"to  report";  and  suggerire,  "to  suggest." 

108.  glielo  presento        I   present   him   to   him, 

I  present  him  to  her, 
I  present  him  to  you 
parlandogliene         speaking  of  it  to  him 

The  word  glie  (pronounced  without  stress)  is  a 
special  conjunctive  indirect  object,  equivalent  in  mean- 
ing to  gli  and  le  as  indirect  objects.  It  is  used  only 
before  lo,  la,  li,  le,  and  ne,  and  is  generally  written  as 
one  word  with  the  following  pronoun. 

109.  chi  s?  who  is  it? 

chi  vedete?  whom  do  you  see  ? 

di  chi  e  questo      whose     book     is    this? 

libro?  lit.    of   whom   is    this 

book? 
mi  domando  chi       he    asked    me  who  had 

fosse  entrato  come  in 

The  word  chi  is  chiefly  used  as  a  personal  interroga- 
tive equivalent  to  "who"  or  "whom"  in  a  direct  or 
indirect  question.  The  combination  di  chi  serves  as 
an  equivalent  of  the  interrogative  "whose." 


78  FiiiST  Italian  Book 

110. 

Chi  cerca,  trova  He  who  seeks,  finds 

Parlo  a  chi  r  disposto  ad  I  speak  to  those  who  are 

agire  ready  to  act 

Chi  vudI  tornare  indiitro,  If  anyone  wants  to  go  back, 

c'e  tempo  there's  time 

The  word  chi  is  also  used  as  the  equivalent  of  a 
coml)ination  of  a  personal  pronoun  and  a  relative 
pronoun,  meaning  in  peneral  "he  who,"  "one  who," 
"(liosc  who,"  "anyone  who."  In  this  use  it  appears 
in  many  proverbs.  By  an  extension  of  this  use  it  comes 
to  be  equivalent  to  tiic  phrase  "if  anyone." 

111. 

Non  ho  che  due  libri  I  have  only  two  books 

Non  restb  che  un'  ora  He  stayed  only  an  hour 

Non  rimanevano  se  non  due  Only  two  remained 

When  non  stands  before  and  che  after  a  verb, 
the  conil)inati<>n  in  many  cas(>s  means  "only."  The 
combination  non  .  .  .  se  non  is  often  used  in  the 
same  sense. 

112.     I'ho  trovata  =lahDtrovata 

n'ha  comprato      =ne  ha  comprato 
il  libro  d'un  porta  =  il  libro  di  un  porta 
quest'onore  =questo  onore 

Sant'  Agostino         St.  Augustine 
Sant'  Arma  St.  Anne 


Lesson  XVII    Section  112  79 

An  apostrophe  at  the  end'of  a  word  indicates  that 
one  of  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  or  o  has  been  dropped  (except 
in  the  case  of  the  word  po',  which  is  an  abbreviated 
form  of  poco,  and  in  a  very  few  other  special  cases). 

(Such  ehsion  is  frequent,  though  not  requisite,  in 
many  short  words,  when  the  following  word  begins 
with  a  vowel.  It  has  become  a  fixed  usage  in  certain 
forms  of  the  articles  and  of  b£llo  and  quelle,  which 
have  been  already  noted;  also  in  the  word  Santo, 
when  immediately  preceding  a  word  beginning  with  a 
vowel.) 

Exercise  XVII 

1.  Identify  these  forms,  and  state  in  each  case  the 
infinitive  of  the  verb  in  question:  capzscono  colpiate 
finiste  preferirei  riferisco  suggeriamo  capisci 
colpisca  preferendo  riferi  suggeriscono  finiamo 
captvano  colpisci  preferfscano  riferite  sug- 
gerisce  finzssimo  capl  colpito  preferisce  rife- 
riste  suggerirono  finisco  capite  colpiranno 
preferiate      riferisci      suggerisse      finisce. 

2.  Translate  the  same  form^. 

3.  Identify  these  forms,  and  state  in  each  case  the 
infinitive  of  the  verb  in  question:  abitaste  avemmo 
batter^  cada  canta  capisci  cercammo  comin- 
cerei  comprano  crede  divertendo  dormi  ebbi 
entriamo  furono  godei  manger^  pagai  parli 
partir^  pensando  perdi  portassi  preferisce 
ricevo      ripeterai      segua      sent!      serve      sia      stu- 


80  liusT  Itauan  Book 

(lier5     supnonscono     tcinano     teniamo     vcdi     ven- 
(Icsse      vcstimmo. 

4.  Translate  the  same  forma. 

5.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  glie  as 
meaning  "to  /jtm"  glicnc  parlcr!)  plieli  prc.soiitainmo 
portaiulogliclo  pliclo  rijjctci  Rlieravevano  prc«cn- 
tata      pliele  abbiamo  portate. 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  glie 
05  meaning  *^to  her." 

7.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  glie 
OS  meaning  "to  you." 

8.  Translate:  1.  Gliene  ho  parlato  parccchie  volte, 
ma  non  ne  capisce  niente.  2.  Non  si  vcde  che  uno 
de'  villaggi:  Taltro  t  dietro  la  montagiia.  3.  Di  clii 
sono  quei  guanti  ?    Sono  di  Maria :  ^licli  portai  niartedl. 

4.  Prefen'scono    scrn-ere    piuttosto    che    parlargliene. 

5.  Chi  s'aiuta,  il  cid  i'aiuta. 


Lesson  XVIII    Sections  113-115 


81 


LESSON  XVIII 

113.  The  conjugation  of  andare,  "to  go,"  is  as 
follows: 


INFINITIVE 

andare 

PRES.  PART. 

andando 

PAST  PART. 

andato 

INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

vado  or  vo 

vada 

vai 

vada 

va'  or  vai 

- 

va 

vada 

andiamo 

andiamo 

andiamo 

andate 

andiate 

andate 

van  no 

vadano 

PAST 

andavo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

etc. 

PAST 

andai 

andassi 

ABSOLUTE 

etc. 

etc. 

FUTURE 

andrb  or  andero 

etc. 

PAST 

andrei  or  anderei 

FUTURE 

etc. 

114. 

II  caldo  va  aumentando    The  heat  is  increasing 
Andare  is  often  used  with  a  present  participle  to 
express  an  idea  of  gradual  action. 

115. 

Gli  esempi  vanno  studiati     The  examples  are  to  be 


con  ciira 


studied  with  care 


82  First  Italian  Book 

Andare  is  often  used  with  a  pa,st  participle  to 
express  an  idea  of  propriety  or  rc^ilation. 

116.  se  lo  prescnta        lie  presents  it  to  himself, 

she  presents  it  to  herself, 
you  present  it  to  yourself 

se  lo  prescntano  they  present  it  to  them- 
selves or  to  each  other, 
you  present  it  to  your- 
selves or  to  each  other 

The  word  se  when  ininicdiately  prcci dinn  one  of  the 
conjunctive  object  pronouns  lo,  la,  li,  le,  or  ne  may  be 
itself  a  special  conjunctive  indirect  object  pronoun 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  si  as  indirect  object. 

There  is  another  word  se,  meaning:  "if,"  wliich  is  of 
course  very  likely  to  stand  immediately  before  a 
conjunctive  pronoun.  Care  must  therefore  be  taken  to 
decide,  by  appeal  to  common  sense,  wliether  a  se  so 
located  is  the  pronoun  or  the  word  meaning  "if." 

117.  andarsene  to  go  away 
me  ne  vado        I  go  away 

te  ne  vai  you  go  away 

se  ne  va  he  goes  away 

When  andare  is  conjugated  witli  ne  and  one  of  the 
reflexive  pronouns  me,  te,  se,  ce,  ve,  the  combination 
has  the  meaning  "to  go  away." 

118.  vottene  go  away 

^\  hen  a  conjunctive  pronoun  (other  than  gli  or 
glie)    is    appended     to     a     monosyllabic    imperative 


Lesson  XVIII    Sections  119-120  83 

singular  form,  the  initial  consonant  of  the  pronoun  is 
doubled,  and  the  apostrophe  is  dropped. 

119.  che  8?  what  is  it  ? 

che  avete?  what  have  you  ? 

che  libro  avete?  what  book  have  you  ? 

che  cosa  avete?  what  have  you  ? 

cosa  avete?  what  have  you  ? 

The  word  che  is  used  as  an  interrogative  pronoun 
referring  to  things  or  ideas,  and  as  an  interrogative 
adjective.  The  phrase  che  cosa,  meaning  literally 
"what  thing,"  has  come  to  be  used  with  the  value  of  a 
simple  interrogative  pronoun,  meaning  "what";  so 
also,  from  use  in  this  phrase,  the  single  word  cosa. 

120.  che  idea!  what  an  idea! 

che  bcl  libro  1  what  a  beautiful  book! 

The  word  che  is  also  used  in  exclamations  as  an 
adjective  equivalent  to  the  EngUsh  "what  a." 

Exercise  XVIII 

1.  Translate:  vanno  andasti  vada  va'  andr^ 
vai  andarono  vo  andasscro  vadano  andai  va 
andrai  vado  sono  andato  era  andata  sarenio 
andati      sarsbbero  andate. 

2.  Translate:  se  ne  vada  ce  ne  andammo  me  ne 
andavo  vattene  ve  ne  andrete  se  n'andarono 
te  ne  vai  se  n'andranno  me  ne  vado  andatevene 
se  ne  vadano  ce  ne  andiarao  se  ne  va  ce  ne 
andremmo      me  ne  vo. 


84  FiiiST  Italian  Book 

5.  Traru^lale  these  phrases,  regarding  the  se  as  mean- 
ing "to  himself":  se  lo  ripctd  se  li  presenter^  se 
lo  riprta      prc.scntandoscle. 

4.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  se  as 
meaning  "to  herself." 

6.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  se  as 
meaning  "to  yourself." 

G.  Translate  these  phrases,  regarding  the  se  as 
meaning  " to  themselves" :  se  lo  ripEtono  se  li  presen- 
tano      ripctendoselo      se  le  prescntavano. 

7.  Translaie  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  subject 
as  meaning  "they"  and  the  se  as  meaning  "to  each  other." 

8.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  se  as 
meaning  "to  yourselves." 

9.  Translate  the  same  phrases,  regarding  the  subject 
as  meaning  "you"  and  the  se  as  meaning  "to  each 
other." 

10.  Translate:  1.  Le  spcsc  vanno  crescendo,  e  la 
paga  dcir  anno  passato  non  ci  basta  pid.  2.  Vad:i 
a  vedere  cosa  t  stato.  3.  L'avcvano  iinparato  a 
memoria,  e  se  lo  ripctevano  sotto  voce.  4.  Se 
n'aiidn\  a  meszoKiorno,  anclic  se  non  finisce  che  la 
inetjli  del  lavoro.  5.  Clii  non  va  nou  vcde  e  chi  non 
prova  non  credo. 


Lesson  XIX    Section  121 


85 


LESSON  XIX 

121.  The  conjugation  of  dare,   "to  give,"  is  as 
follows: 

INFINITIVE     dare 
PRES.  PART,    dando  ' 

PAST  PART.        datO 


PRESENT 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

dia 

dia 

dia 

diamo 

diate 

dz'ano 


IMPERATIVE 


da'  or  dai 

diamo 
date 


PAST 

DESCRIPTIVE 
PAST 
ABSOLUTE 


INDICATIVE 

do 

dai 

da 

diamo 

date 

danno 

davo, -a 

etc. 

dicdi  or  detti  dessi 
desti  dessi 

diede  or  dette  desse 
demmo  dessimo 

deste  deste 

diedero  or      dessero 

dsttero 
darb 

etc. 
darsi 

etc. 

The  accent  in  the  third  singular  present  indicative 
da  serves  to  distinguish  it  from  the  preposition  da. 
In  the  past  absolute  and  past  subjunctive  dare  ha? 
the  endings  of  the  second  conjugation. 


FUTURE 

PAST 
FUTURE 


80  Fnt8T  Italian  Hook 

122.  The  verb  stare,  "to  st^ind,  to  be,"  is  inflected 
exactly  like  dare,  cxrrpt  th.it  the  third  singular  present 
iiulicjitivc  bears  no  accent,  and  that  in  the  p:ust  absolute 
first  singular,  third  sinpihir,  and  third  plural  stare 
has  only  the  forms  stetti,  stEtte,  stettero. 

123.  stava  per  dire  or 

era  per  dire        he  was  about  to  say 

The  conil)inati()n  stare  per  moans  "to  be  aljout 
(to  do  a  tiling)."  The  combination  essere  per  is 
occasionally  used  with  the  same  meaning. 

124. 


SUBJECT 

SUBJECT  OR  DIS- 

DISJUNCTIVE 

JUNCTIVE  OBJECT 

OBJECT 

io        I 

me     me  or  myself 

tu       you 

te       you  or  yourself 

egli    he 

lui 

ho;  liim 

esso 

lie;  him 

ella    she  or 

Id 

she  or  you; 

you 

her  or  you 

essa 

she;  her 

noi 

we;  us;  our 

.-elves 

voi 

you;  yourse 

If;  yourselves 

lore 

they  or  you; 

» 

them  or  you 

essi 

they;  them 

(masc.) 

esse 

they;  them 

(fem.) 
se       himself  or  her- 
self or  itself  or  your- 
self or  themselves 
or  yourselves 

Lesson  XIX    Sections  125-126  87 

Lui  non  lo  crede,  ma  io  ne  He  doesn't  believe  it,  but  / 

sono  certo  am  sure  of  it 

Guardi  me  Look  at  me 

Parli  a  lui  Speak  to  him 

Tomb  con  noi  He  came  back  with  us 

The  Italian  subject  pronouns,  when  expressed, 
usually  carry  at  least  a  slight  emphasis.  Egli  and  ella, 
however,  are  often  used  with  httle  or  no  emphasis. 

The  disjunctive  object  pronouns  carry  emphasis 
when  used  as  direct  objects  or  with  the  preposition  a. 
When  used  with  other  prepositions,  they  carry  no 
emphasis. 

125. 

II  signore  che  era  quf  The  gentleman  who  was  here 

II  libro  che  vedete  The  book  that  you  see 

Mi  dia  quello  che  ha  Give    me    what    you     have 

portato  brought 

The  word  che  is  used  as  a  relative  pronoun  witli 
reference  to  persons,  things,  or  ideas.  The  combina- 
tion quello  che  or  quel  che,  hterally  "that  which,"  is 
equivalent  to  the  English  demonstrative  relative 
"what." 

126.  Lo  vidi  che  giocava    I  saw  him  playing   with 
con  quel  ragazzo        that  boy 

A  relative  clause  is  often  used  in  Italian  in  cases 
in  which  the  English  idiom  calls  for  a  present  participle 


88  FiBfiT  Italiajs'  Book 

Exercise  XIX 

1.  Translate:  dava  diedi  da*  darcsti  deste 
dcttc  da  dcssi  daniio  dia  darj  diaino 
dirdcro      d:\      dando      dettcro      dai      desse. 

2.  Transhilc:  stiaiuo  stettcro  sta  etato  stai 
st€sse  stareino  stia  stanno  stette  sto  stessi 
stctti      stava      sta'      starebbe      stcsti. 

5.  Translate:  tu  lo  crcdi  noi  aiidavamo  cerca- 
rono  lei  lo  d/ano  a  noi  parlava  di  loro  voi 
andrcte  veda  liii  ella  caiitava  lo  porten\  con  S(^ 
lo  daranno  a  voi  esse  parlavano  lo  trovi  lui  io 
partirj  lo  dainio  a  nie  lo  porter J  con  ine  essa  ci 
seguirebbe  loro  li  trovarono  presenter^  te  lo 
compri  lei  seguite  noi  san\  portato  ila  lui  esso  li 
temeva  lo  portino  loro  essi  paghcranno  starji 
con  te  lo  diedi  a  lui  egli  dorine  teneva  me 
lei  torner^  li  darj  a  lei  lo  portoranno  con  sd 
ricevertl  voi  trovj  loro  lo  comprai  per  lei  lui 
entrj      lo  dareino  a  loro      lo  darcino  loro. 

4.  Translate:  1.  Come  sta  il  inalato  ?  Stapeggio: 
sono  andati  pel  medico.  2.  Lui  li  sentiva  che  parla- 
vano, ma  non  riuscl  a  capire  nientc.  3.  e  la  stcssa  cDsa 
che  mi  riferiste  voi,  4.  Loro  n'rbboro  prima  e  poi 
ne  diedero  anche  a  noi.  5.  H.)  ponluta  la  matita: 
dammi  la  tun.  Un  momcnto:  non  lio  ciie  questa,  e 
stD  per  finire  la  compo«izione. 


Lesson  XX    Section  127 


89 


LESSON  XX 

127.  The  conjugation  of  fare,  "to  make,"  is  as 
follows: 


INFINITIVE 

fare 

PRES.  PART. 

facsndo 

PAST  PART. 

fatto 

INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERAT] 

PRESENT 

faccio  or  fo 

faccia 

fai 

faccia 

fa*  or  fai 

fa 

faccia 

facciamo 

facciamo 

facciamo 

fate 

facciate 

fate 

fanno 

facciano 

PAST 

facevo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

facevi 

faceva 

etc. 

PAST 

feci 

facessi 

ABSOLUTE 

facesti 

facessi 

fece 

facesse 

facemmo 

etc. 

faceste 

fecero 

FUTURE 

faro 

etc. 

PAST 

farei 

FUTURE 

dc. 

Fare  is  really  a  verb  of  the  third  conjugation.     The 
infinitive    fare    represents    a   Latin    original    facere, 


90  First  Italian  Book 

the  regular  stem  is  fac-,  and  the  regular  endings  are 
those  of  the  third  conjugation.  The  present  participle, 
the  past  descriptive,  the  past  absolute  second  singular 
and  first  and  second  plural,  and  the  past  subjunctive 
are  then  regular. 

128. 

Lo  feci  venire  I  had  him  come 

Fece  portare  il  denaro  alia  He  had  the  money  carried 

banca  to  the  bank 

Fanno  costruire  dalle  case  They    are    having     some 
per  gl'impiegati  houses  built  for  the  em- 

ployees 

Faro  chiudere  la  porta  I  will  have  the  door  closed 

Sentii  chiudere  la  porta  I  heard  the  door  closed 

Fare  used  with  an  infinitive  is  often  equivalent 
to  the  Knglish  causative  "have."  An  Italian  infinitive 
in  this  construction  is  often  to  be  rendered  by  an 
English  past  participle.  A  similar  construction  often 
occurs  with  lasciare,  sentire,  udire,  and  vedere. 

129. 

Gli  fece  portare  il  denaro  He    had    him    carry    tlu^ 

alia  banca  money  to  the  bank 

Le  fece  portare  il  denaro  He    had     her    carry     the 

alia  banca  money  to  the  bank 

Gli  lasci 3  portare  il  denaro  He    let    him    carry    the 

alia  banca  money  to  the  bank 

Gli  senti  hggere  la  Irttcra  He    heard    him    read    the 

letter 


Lesson  XX    Sections  130-133  91 

When  one  of  the  verbs  fare,  lasciare,  sentire,  udire, 
or  vedere  has  an  indirect  object  of  its  own,  and  a 
dependent  infinitive  which  has  a  direct  object  of  its 
own,  the  indirect  object  of  the  main  verb  is  in  sense 
a  direct  object. 

130. 

A  quel  tempo  faceva  At  thai  time  he  was  a  lawyer 

I'awocato 

Fa  caldo  oggi  It's  hot  today 

Non  fa  niente  It  doesn't  make  any  difference 

Si  fece  rosso  He  became  red 

Fare  is  used  in  an  extraordinary  number  of  com- 
mon idioms,  of  which  those  listed  above  are  typical. 
The  combination  farsi,  when  si  is  a  direct  object, 
usually  means  "to  become." 

131.     due  anni  fa 

or 

due  anni  sono      two  years  ago 

The  words  fa  and  sono  are  often  used,  with  expres- 
sions of  time,  in  the  sense  "ago." 

132. 
II  signore  con  cui  parlavo    The  gentleman  with  whom 

I  was  talking 

The  word  cui  is  chiefly  used  as  a  relative  pronoun 
after  a  preposition. 

133. 

E  un  uomo  le  cui  idee  non     He  is  a  man  whose  ideas 
mi  sembrano  giuste  do  not  seem  sound  to  me 


92  First  Italian  Book 

The  word  cui  is  also  used,  with  the  df'finitc  article, 
as  a  rcl;ifivc  possessive. 

(134. 
VDstra  Signoria    t  molto     Your  Lordship  is  very  kiml, 

buona  you  are  very  kind 

Ella  or  Lei  e  molto  buona or    You  are  very  kind,  lit.,  it 

buDno  (i.e.,  your  Lordship)  is 

verj'^  kind 
£  molto  buono  You  are  very  kind 

The  preceding  phrases  illustrate  the  development 
of  the  modern  polite  form  of  direct  address.  The 
first  stage  was  the  very  common  use  of  feminine 
titular  nouns  in  polite  address.  The  verb  was  of  course 
in  the  third  person,  and  a  predicate  adjective  was 
feminine.  The  second  stn.Lic,  resulting  from  the  fact 
that  such  a  phrase  as  Vostra  Signoria  is  too  long  for 
common  utterance,  was  the  use  of  the  feminine  pro- 
noun of  the  third  person  to  replace  the  feminine 
titular  noun.  The  pronoun  was  often,  but  not  always, 
written  with  a  capital  initial,  to  suggest  the  capitalized 
initials  of  Vostra  Signoria.  The  vorh  remained  in 
the  third  person;  the  predicate  adjective  sometinics 
remained  feminine  and  sometimes  became  m;isculine 
if  the  person  addressed  was  a  man.  This  use  is  still 
common,  but  it  has  gradually  given  ri.se  to  the  third 
stage,  in  which  the  exjjrcssion  of  the  .sui)ject  pronoun 
(except  for  cK'arness  or  cmpiia.si.s)  is  no  longer  regarded 
as  necessary,  and  the  [)redicate  adjective  regularly 
takes  its  gender  from  the  sex  of  the  person  addressed. 


Lesson  XX    Section  134  93 

In  accordance  with  the  usage  thus  developed,  third 
person  feminine  pronouns  are  used  as  objects  with 
reference  to  the  person  addressed,  and  the  possessives 
of  the  third  person  are  used  with  the  value  "your," 
as  has  been  seen  in  earlier  lessons.  A  natural  reaction 
from  the  use  of  feminine  pronouns  in  addressing  men 
has  begun  to  manifest  itself,  and  has  brought  about  the 
general  use  of  li  instead  of  le,  already  studied,  as 
conjunctive  plural  direct  object.  The  same  tendency 
often  results,  in  Tuscany,  in  the  use  of  lo  instead  of  la 
as  conjunctive  singular  direct  object,  as  in  the  phrase 
arrivederlo,  "goodbye";  but  this  usage  is  not  as  yet 
generally  accepted.) 

Exercise  XX 

1.  Translate:  farsbbe  facciano  fece  fai 
fatto  faranno  fo  facessero  facevi  facciate 
feci  farai  fanno  facemmo  fa  farete  fecero 
faccio  faceste  fa'  farei  facendo  fate  faccia 
facevo      facciamo. 

£.  Translate:  1.  Fammi  il  piacere  di  portarglicli. 
2.  Mcntre  faeeva  il  soldato,  sci  niesi  fa,  ebbe  la  notzzia 
della  morte  dello  zio.  3.  Gh  fece  vedere  la  lettera 
bench^  non  avesse  finite  di  scrfverla.  4.  Chi  e  ?  e 
quel  giovane  milanese  di  cui  si  parlava  ier  I'altro. 
5.  Perch6  Lc  lasci5  credere  che  ci  fosse  state  ?  6.  Lo 
spiegammo  loro  tre  volte,  ma  pare  che  non  lo  capzscano 
ancora.       7.  h  un  pensatore  profondo,  la  cui  fama  e 


04 


FiiisT  Italian  Hook 


anclic  pill  prande  all'fstoro  che  a  casa.  8.  Mi  foccia 
il  favorc:  ci  vada  a  scntire  sc  loro  pliciie  hanno  parlato. 
9.  Adcsso  si  crcdc  un  Kraiid'uomG:  scoininctto  chc 
si  fan\  fare  il  ritratto.       10.  Come  farai,  cosl  a\Tai. 


LESSON  XXI 


135.  The 

conjugation 

of   dire, 

"to 

say,"    is    ;u 

follows: 

INFINITIVK 

dire 

PRE8.  PART. 

dicrndo 

PAST  PART. 

detto 

I.SFINTriVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 

dice 

dica 

dici 

dica 

di' 

dice 

dica 

diciamo 

diciarao 

diciamo 

dite 

diciate 

dite 

d/cono 

d/cano 

PAST 

dicevo,  -a 

DESCRIPTIVE 

(tC. 

PAST 

dissi 

dicessi 

ABSOLUTE 

dicesti 

disse 

dicemmo 

diceste 

d/ssero 

dicessi 
dicesse 

tie. 

FUTURE 

dir5 

PAST 

dird 

FUTURE 

etc. 

Lesson  XXI    Sections  136-138  95 

Dire,  like  fare,  is  really  a  verb  of  the  third  conju- 
gation. The  infinitive  dire  represents  a  Latin  origi- 
nal dicere,  the  regular  stem  is  die-,  and  the  regular 
endings  are  those  of  the  third  conjugation.  The 
present  participle,  most  forms  of  the  present  tenses,  the 
past  descriptive,  the  past  absolute  second  singular 
and  first  and  second  plural,  and  the  past  subjunctive 
are  then  regular. 

136. 

Ssnto  un  grido;  vado  I   heard   a   cry;     I   went   to 

alia  porta;     I'apro;  the    door;    I    opened  it;    I 

non  vedo    nessuno  saw  no  one 

The  present  tense  is  often  used  in  Italian  as  a 
vivid  past. 

137. 
Se  lo  vedo,  glielo  dico      If  I  see  him,  I'll  tell  him  so 
Torno  subito  I'll  be  back  soon 

The  present  tense  is  often  used  in  Italian  as  a 
vivid  future. 

138. 
Quale  libro  preferite?      Which  book  do  you  prefer  ? 

What  book  do  you  prefer  ? 

Quale  idea!  What  an  idea! 

The  word  quale  is  used  as  an  interrogative  adjective 
or  pronoun  meaning  "which"  or  "what."  It  is  used 
also,  like  che,  in  exclamations,  as  an  adjective  equiva- 
lent to  the  English  "what  a." 


96  First  Italian  Book 

139. 

Ha  scritto  un  romanzo  e  He  h:is  written  a  novel  and 

una  commj  dia  la  quale  a  comedy  which         :  i 

mi  pare  molto  buona  to  ine  very  (?(>()< i 

The  word  quale  is  often  used,  with  the  definite 
article,  as  a  relative  pronoun,  meaning  in  general 
"who"  or  "which." 

140. 
La  vita  p  breve  Life  is  short 

I  cani  sono  fedrli  Dogs  are  faithful 

II  signor  Ghedini  Mr.  Ghcdini 

II  Ghedini  se  n'e  andato        Ghcdini  has  gone  away 
L'ltolia  i  chiamata  il  giar-     Italy  is  calle<l  the  garden 
dino  del  mondo  of  the  world 

In  many  phrases,  of  which  the  above  are  typical, 
the  definite  article  is  used  in  Italian  in  cases  in  which 
the  I'^nglish  idiom  uses  no  article. 

141. 

Capi  alia  grossa  lie  understood  in  a  general  way 

£  un  lavoro  fatto  alia  It's    a    piece    of    work    done 

mrglio  clumsily 

'i'he  feminine  article  is  u.-^ed  with  a  in  many  elliptic- 
idiomatic  phrases,  without  reference  to  any  particular 
noun. 

KxKKCisi:  XXI 

/.  Translaie:  dicemmo  diret€  disse  dico 
di'  dienido  diranno  dicevo  dirchbc  dissi 
dett<^)       djVano       dicevi        dtcono       dice       iliksero 


Lesson  XXII    Section  142  97 

direi      dici      diceste      dite      dica      diciamo      dices- 
sero       dirai. 

2.  Translate:  1.  Adesso  me  ne  vo;  e  secelotrovo, 
ve  lo  mando  s;<bito.  2.  Mi  dica:  Le  hanno  mai  fatto 
vedere  la  loro  collcziono  di  monete  antiche  ?  3.  Quale 
di  voi  ha  detto  di  voler  parlarmi?  4.  Mi  disse  che 
stava  per  partire:  gli  augurai  il  buon  viaggio,  e  ci 
dicemmo  addio.  5.  Ando  alia  ksta  a  duglielo. 
6.  Ssnto  la  notizia  del  sue  arrive;  ci  vado;  mi  si 
dice  che  dorme  ancora;  torno  a  casa;  aspstto  un'ora  e 
mezzo;  ci  ritorno,  e  lo  trove  che  fa  colazione.  7.  e 
partite  pochi  gierni  sene  per  la  Svizzera.  8.  Si  dice 
che  lui  ci  vada  ogni  venerdi.  9.  II  Bianchi  ternera 
un  pa'  pill  tardi  con  quei  due  giovani,  i  quali  non  ci 
resteranno  che  un  paie  d'ere.  10.  Dimmi  chi  pratichi 
e  ti  diro  chi  sei. 

LESSON  XXII 
142. 

Mi  sono  veduto  I  have  seen  myself 

Ci  siamo  divertiti  We  have  amused  ourselves 

Si  £rano  perduti  They    had    lost    themselves, 

they  had  been  lost 
Lei  si  8  comprato  dei     She  has  bought  herself  some 

libri  books 

Ti  sci  fatto  male?  Have  you  hurt  yourself? 

Si  era  cominciato  They    {indefinite)  had  begun 

essere,  not  avere,  is  used  in  the  formation  of  perfect 
tenses  when  a  reflexive  object  accompanies  the  verb. 


98 


First  Italian  Rook 


The  form  of  essere  is  to  be  translated  by  the  corrc- 
spondinR  form  of  the  verb  "to  have." 

The  pa.st  participle  in  such  cases  usually  agrees 
with  the  Kuhjoct;  but  if  the  reflexive  is  indirect  the 
past  participle  may  apree  with  the  subject,  or  with 
the  direct  object,  or  may  remain  in  the  masculine 
singular  form  regardless  of  both  sui)jcct  and  object. 

143.  The  cardinal  numerals  from  1  to  25,  and 
certain  higher  numerals,  are  as  follows: 


uno 

1 

ventuno 

21 

due 

2 

ventidue 

22 

tre 

3 

ventitre 

23 

quattro 

4 

ventiquattro 

24 

cmque 

5 

venticmque 

25 

sci 

6 

trenta 

30 

srtte 

7 

quaranta 

40 

3tt0 

8 

cinquanta 

50 

nove 

9 

sessanta 

60 

dirci 

10 

settanta 

70 

undici 

11 

ottanta 

80 

dodici 

12 

novanta 

90 

tredici 

U 

cento 

ion 

quattordici 

14 

dugrnto  or 

qu/ndici 

15 

duecinto 

200 

sedici 

l(i 

trecrnto 

300 

diciassette 

17 

quattrocrnto 

400 

diciotto 

18 

cinqueccnto 

500 

diciannove 

19 

mille 

1000 

venti 

20 

due  mila 

2000 

Lesson  XXII    Sections  144-146  99 

144.  sono  le  due  it's  two  o'clock 

sono  le  due  e  disci    it's  ten  minutes  past  two 
sono  le  due  e  un    it's  quarter  past  two 

quarto 
sono  le  due  e  mezzo  it's  half  past  two 
sono  le  tre  meno    it's  quarter  of  three 

un  quarto 
sono  le  tre  meno     it's  ten  minutes  of  three 

disci 

Phrases  consisting  of  sono,  the  feminine  plural 
form  of  the  definite  article,  and  a  cardinal  numeral,  are 
used  in  telling  the  time  of  day. 

145.  il  Dugsnto  the  thirteenth  century 
il  Trecsnto  the  fourteenth  century 
il  Quattrocento        the  fifteenth  century 

il  Cinquecento  the  sixteenth  century 

il  Seiccnto  the  seventeenth  century 

il  Settee  ento  the  eighteenth  century 

I'Ottocsnto  the  nineteenth  century 

il  Novecento  the  twentieth  century 

The  preceding  Italian  phrases,  in  which  a  century  is 
named  from  the  hundred  that  appears  in  its  dates,  are 
very  commonly  used  in  place  of  the  more  cumbersome 
phrases,  il  sscolo  decimo  terzo,  etc.,  which  correspond 
to  the  English  century  designations. 

146. 
Ce  lo  vedemmo  tutti  e  due      We  both  saw  him  there 
Si  presentarono  tutti  e  tre     All  three  presented  them- 
selves 


100  First  Italian  Hook 

The  phrase  tutti  e  due  monns  "both";  ;ind  the 
phrases  tutti  e  tre,  tutti  e  quattro,  etc.,  mean  "nil 
three,"  "all  four,"  etc. 

147.     una  quindicina       fifteen  or  so 

un  centinaio  a  hundred  or  so 

The  ending  -iva,  affixed  to  lower  numerals,  and  the 
endinp  -aio,  afhxed  to  higher  numerals,  inrlicate  each 
a  numher  approximately  equal  to  that  of  the  numeral 
in  question. 

Exercise  XXII 

/.  Translate:  mi  sono  trovato  ti  rri  vcduto 
ci  sarcmmo  detto  addio  vi  saraste  trovati  si  t 
cominciato  a  crcilcrlo  si  era  fatta  rossa  mi  sarci 
comi)rato  dci  libri  se  n'e  andato  si  era  detto  ehc  non 
fosse  vcro  mi  si  erano  pre.sentati  vi  sirte  fatto 
male      si  sono  divertiti. 

2.  Pronounce  and  translate:  oltantotto  ciuquan- 
tiidue  sessantanovc  novautuno  qiiarantasei 
settantactnque  ccntotrcntaduc  trecentododiei 

quattrocentonovantasei  scttecentuno  tret-ento- 
quarantuno  einque(Ciitoveiiti(|uattro  ceutosrtte 
ottocciitottaritasctte  dueccMtose>;saiitjitr6  quattro- 
centonovaritasri  novccentosessantanjvc  due- 

cento(ju;iidi(i        seicentodiciotto        centoventinovc. 

5.  Trauslalc:  sono  le  tre  e  vcnti  sono  Ic  sri  e 
u\tzzo  sono  le  n.)vc  meno  venticinque  sono  le 
sette  e  d<>tlici  sono  le  quattro  meno  einque  sono 
le  undiei  e  un  quarto  sono  le  cinque  e  dicci  sono  le 
Dtto  meno  un  (pjarto      sono  le  dirci  e  ventisei. 


Lesson  XXIII    Sections  148-1-19  /.Ol 

4.  Translate:  I'arte  del  Cinquecento  la  musica 
del  Settecsnto  la  poesia  del  Dugento  la  filosofia  del 
Novecsnto  la  pittura  del  Trecsnto  la  scienza 
deirOttocento  la  scultura  del  QuattrocEnto  la 
societa  del  Seicsnto. 

5.  Translate:  1.  Se  n'erano  andati  tutti  e  due. 
2.  Pare  che  siano  tornati  alio  stile  del  Seicento.  3.  II 
treno  parte  alle  tre  e  ventitr^  dopo  me^zogiorno,  e 
arriva  a  SiEna  vsrso  le  sstte.  4.  Se  si  fosse  vcduta 
a  quel  momento,  credo  che  avrebbe  cambiato  manisra 
swbito.       5.  Gli  si  e  dato  qualche  ceutinaio  di  lire. 

LESSON  XXIII 

148.  A  list  of  irregular  verbs  not  studied  in  the 
preceding  lessons  will  be  found  on  pages  140-49.  As 
part  of  the  present  lesson,  the  student  should  read 
carefully  the  introductory  statement  of  that  list,  and 
should  enable  himself  to  use  the  list  for  the  identifica- 
tion of  irregular  forms.  Section  1  of  the  exercise 
accompanying  this  lesson  affords  material  for  practice 
in  such  identification. 

149.  ho  fame  I  am  hungry 
ho  sete  I  am  thirsty 
ho  sonno  I  am  sleepy 
ho  freddo  I  am  cold 
ho  caldo  I  am  hot 

ho  ragione      I  am  right 
ho  torto  I  am  wrong 


I'l?.  FiiwT  Italian  Hook 

Avere  stands  with  a  noun  object  in  a  numlicr  of 
idiomatic  phnisca  which  correspond  to  Kn^U-sh  phrases 
consisting  of  "to  be"  and  an  adjective. 

150. 
Sono  qu;  da  tre  giorni     1  have  been  here  for  three  (lay> 
ffo  li  da  tre  giorni  I  had  been  there  for  three  day- 

Itahan  uscj^  a  present  tense  with  da  and  a  phrase 
of  time,  wherea-s  Kn^hsh  in  corresponding  cases  uses 
the  present  perfect  tense  with  "for." 

Simihirly,  Itahan  u.ses  a  past  descriptive  with  da 
in  cases  in  which  I'^nghsh  uses  a  past  perfect  with  "for." 

The  Itahan  use  of  these  tenses  with  da  is  exactly 
parallel  to  the  French  use  of  tiit'se  tenses  with  depnii^. 

151. 
c    giovane,    ma    parla    da     He  is  young,  but  he  talks 

uomo  like  a  man 

Sarb  da  lei  stasera  I  shall  l>e  at  your  hou.se 

this  evening 
Un    francobollo    da    dicci     A  tcn-centcsimi  stamp 
centrsimi 

The  prejjosition  da  is  used  in  many  idiomatic  senses, 
of  which  those  illustrated  above  are  tvpical.  The 
use  of  da  in  the  first  instance  corresponds  to  a  French 
use  of  en;  its  use  in  the  second  instance  corresponds 
t«  the  u.se  of  the  French  chcz. 

162. 
Aveva  tolta  la  giacca  He  had  taken  off  his  jacket 

Andb  in  Francia  col  fratEllo  He  went  to  France  with  his 

brother 


Lesson  XXIII    Section  152  103 

In  Italian  usage  the  definite  article  suffices  to  carry 
the  idea  of  possession  when  no  real  ambiguity  results 
from  absence  of  a  possessive. 

Exercise  XXIII 

1.  Identify  these  forms,  by  use  of  the  List  of  Irregular 
Verbs  on  pages  140-49,  and  state  in  each  case  the  infini- 
tive of  the  verb  in  question:  apparve  cocsndo  debba 
distinsero  dorra  ssce  giuoco  misi  nacquero 
muori  pianse  pongono  rimasto  ruppi  sa 
scrisse  suona  speso  tsnga  tolse  trarrebbe 
varra  visni  vissi  vuole  concesso  dispiacque 
indurr^      ricopErse. 

2.  Translate:  hanno  fame  avrk  sete  avrebbero 
sonno  avevo  freddo  abbiamo  caldo  avevano 
ragione  hai  torto  avevi  fame  ha  sete  avrai 
sonno  avrsbbe  freddo  hanno  caldo  ho  ragione 
aveste  torto. 

3.  Translate:  1.  Se  vai  da  lui,  ci  troverai  proba- 
bilmente  anche  I'amico  fiorentino.  2.  Aspettiamo  da 
una  m£22'ora,  e  se  lui  non  si  fa  vedere  fra  dieci  minuti 
non  I'aspettiamo  pid.  3.  Non  e  per5  un'azione  da 
galantuomo.  4.  Tira  fuari  il  portafogli;  ne  cava  un 
biglietto  da  venticmque  lire;  paga  il  conto;  e  parte 
senza  dire  una  parola  a  nessuno.  5.  Chi  ha  meno 
ragione  grida  piCl  forte. 


1U4 


Fiitsr  Italian  Hook 


153. 


LESSON  XXIV 
avere  to  li:ive 


cadere 

dolere 

dovere 

giacere 

godere 

parere 


to  fall 
to  urieve 
to  owe 
to  lie 
to  enjoy 
to  seem 


persuadere     to  porsnade 

piacere  to  i)l<Mse 

potere  to  he  able 

rimanere         to  remain 

sapere  to  know 

sedere  to  sit 

solere  to  be  accustomed 

tacere  to  be  silent 

temere  to  fear 

tenere  to  hold 

valere  to  be  worth 

vedere  to  see 

volere  to  wish 

The  prcccdiiiK  list  is  a.  complete  list  of  the  modern 
simple  verbs  of  the  second  conjiijirition.  The  list  of  the 
twenty  Italian  infinitives  should  be  memorized  for 
the  sake  of  eventual  accuracy  in  pronunciation.  In 
the  infinitives  of  these  verbs  and  of  their  compoumls  the 
stress  rests  on  the  first  e  of  the  ending:  in  all  other 
infinitives  in  -ere  the  stress  rests  on  the  stem. 


Lesson  XXIV    Sections  154-157  105 

154.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study,  in 
the  List  of  Irregular  Verbs,  pages  140-49,  the  verbs 
cadere,  persuaJere,  sedere,  vedere,  giacere,  piacere, 
and  tacere  (these  last  three  verbs  are  parallel  to  each 
other  in  irregularity).  These  verbs  should  be  studied 
with  sufficient  care  to  enable  the  student  readily  to 
identify  their  irregular  forms. 

155.  Sara  dal  Rosati      He  is  probably  at  Rosati's 
Avra   sentito  la    You  have  doubtless  heard 

notizia  the  news 

The  future  tense  is  often  used  in  Italian  instead  of 
the  present  to  convey  an  idea  of  probabihty  or  possi- 
bility or  implied  certainty. 

156.  Eccomi  here  I  am 
eccola             here  she  is 

Conjunctive  pronouns  are  appended  to  the  word 
£000  just  as. if  it  were  a  positive  imperative  verb  form. 
It  has  in  fact  the  force  of  an  imperative  meaning 
"behold,"  and  corresponds  to  the  French  void  and 
voild. 

157. 

dorsela  a  gambe  to  take  to  one's  legs 

averla  con  una  persona  to  be  angry  with  a  person 

farla  a  una  persona  to  play  a  trick  on  a  person 

farla  finita  to  put  an  end  to  it 

The  feminine  conjunctive  la  is  used  in  many  idio- 
matic phrases  without  reference  to  any  particular  noun. 


106  First  Italian  Book 

Exercise  XXIV 

1.  TransJafe:        caddcro  pcrsua.so         eiEdono 

vedrei  piacoia  tacqui  visto  cadro  sied' 
vide  giaccio  piacqucro  caddi  pcrsua.se  stggoiio 
vedril       giacqui       piacciono       vulcro       taccianio. 

S.  Translate:  1.  Sc  gli  si  t  date  quanto  credi, 
:ivr:\  adisso  alineno  quanto  aveva  prima.  2.  eccoli 
che  sicdono  airoinbra  di  qucUa  quErcia.  3.  Lui 
pcr5  non  ce  li  vide  mai.  4.  Lc  piace  die  ci  siano 
andati?  No.  Le  dispiace,  allora?  Nd:  non  mi  fa 
niente.  5.  Glicla  faranno  quando  meno  I'aspctta. 
G.  A  quel  punto  taccjue,  benchd  tutti  crcdcssero  che 
avessc  coiuinciato  appena.  7.  Gli  altri  caddero,  e 
lui  se  la  diede  a  gaiiibe.  8.  Adi.sso  I'ha  col  Bruni: 
.sar^  perfh6  non  gli  piacque  quel  clic  disse  il  Bruni  del 
suo  fratxllo.  9.  Non  si  t  mai  la.^ciato  pcrsuaderc. 
10.  Sono  le  cmque  e  mez2o:  certo  ci  sari\  arrivato;  e 
forse  I'avranno  gii  mandato  indietro  colla  risposta. 

LESSON  XXV 

158.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study, 
in  the  List  of  Irregular  Verbs,  the  veri)s  dolere,  parere, 
rimanere,  sapere,  solere,  tenere,  :uid  valere. 

159. 
La  voce  pareva  venisse   The  voice  seemed  to  come  frora 
da  quella  camera  that  room,  /j7.,  the  voice  it 

seemed   it   came    from    that 
room 


Lesson  XXV    Sections  160-162  107 

Parere,  even  when  impersonal  in  force,  often 
follows  the  word  which  is  the  subject  in  the  thought. 
In  this  construction  the  subjunctive  often  follows 
parere  directly,  without  an  intervening  che.  Note 
that  the  English  idiom  calls  for  a  translation  with 
"to"  and  the  infinitive. 

160. 
Sapeva  che  srano  arrivati    He   knew   that   they   had 

come 
Seppe  che  erano  arrivati     He  found  out  that  they  had 

come 

The  past  absolute  of  sapere  has  the  special  sense  of 
"came  to  know,"  "found  out." 

161. 
Ci  sarsbbe  un  posto  per  me?  Is  there  a  place  for  me  ? 
Mi  farsbbe  questo  favore?    Would   you    do   me    this 

favor  ? 

The  past  future  is  used  in  Italian,  much  oftener  than 
in  English,  as  a  poUtely  mild  equivalent  of  the  present 
or  the  future. 

162. 

Secondo    lui    avrebbero  According     to     him     they 

anche  un'altra  villa  have  another  villa  too 

L'armata  sarebbe  giunta  The    army   is    reported    to 

al  confine  have  reached  the  boundary 

The  past  future  is  often  used  in  reporting  a  state- 
ment for  the  accuracy  of  which  the  speaker  or  writer 
disclaims  responsibility. 


108  Fiitar  Italian  JiooK 

163. 

la  casa  la  dovrtti  vendere 

or 

la  dovrtti  vendere  la  casa     I  h:id  to  s(!ll  the  house 
a  lui  glielo  ditdi 
cr 
glielo  dirdi  a  lui  I  gave  it  to  him 

When  the  object,  direct  or  indirect,  is  for  emphasis 
taken  from  its  iionnal  place  after  the  verb  and  put  at 
the  Ix'ginninK  of  the  clause,  it  is  usually  repeated  by  a 
conjunctive  pronoun. 

Frequently  also  a  conjunctive  pronoun  wiiich 
anticipates  the  object  stands  with  the  verb  even  when 
the  object  is  in  its  normal  position. 

1G4. 

Ci   porta  qualche  CDsa   di  Are  you  hrinfring  us  some- 

buono?  t hi  111^  good? 

Non  c'era  niente  di  nuovo  There  was  nothing  new 

Cosa     studia     d'interes-  What    are    you    studying 

sante?  that  is  interesting? 

Vide  un  non  so  che  di  nero  He  saw  something  black 

'I'he  preposition  di  is  often  used  with  a  partitive 
value  l)etwecn  a  pronoun,  or  pronominal  phrase,  and 
an  adjective. 

The  combination  un  non  so  che  is  often  u.st^l  with 
the  meaning  "something."  It  carries  the  idea  of 
something  indcfmable. 


Lesson  XXV    Exercise  XXV  109 

Exercise  XXV 

1.  Translate:  paiono  rimasto  sa  tenni 
varr^  duole  parvero  rimarrsbbe  sanno  solito 
tsnga  valse  dolgono  paiamo  rimasero  saprei 
suole  terro  valgono  dalse  parso  rimangano 
sappiamo  sogliono  tennero  paia  rimase  sai 
tsngo      valso. 

2.  Translate:  1.  C'sra  pero  nelle  sue  parole  un  non 
so  che  di  nuovo  e  di  triste  che  non  mi  piacque  punto. 
2.  Quell'altro  pareva  ci  entrasse  soltanto  perche  fuori 
faceva  tanto  freddo.  .-3.  Mi  saprsbbe  dire  il  nome 
di  quel  signore  ?  4.  Quel  ragazzo  ce  lo  trovai  ancora 
questa  mattina.  5.  Cera  stato  con  essi  anche  prima; 
e  cosi  ssppi  che  s  napoletano,  e  che  ha  fatto  degli  studi 
importantzssimi  nel  campo  della  soologia.  '^.  ecco 
quel  che  dice  il  giornale:  "Sarebbe  stato  ritrovato 
a  Ravenna  un  ritratto  di  Dante."  7.  Gli  diro  quel 
che  ne  psnso,  sa,  a  quelFawocato !  8.  erano  gia 
rimasti  un'ora,  e  bisognava  partire  swbito.  'O.  Quanto 
varrebbe  ?  Non  so :  forse  una  ventina  di  lire.  10.  Gli 
duole  di  non  poter  dorvelo  subito. 


no 


First  Italian  Book 


165. 
the  List 

166. 

dcve 
parlare 


doveva 
parlare 

dovctte 
parlare 

dovri 
parlare 

dovrebbe 
parlare 


ha  dovuto 
parlare 

aveva 

dovuto 

parlare 

avri 

dovuto 

parlare 

avrebbe 

dovuto 

parlare 


LESSON  XXVI 

For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study,  in 
of  Irregular  Verbs,  the  verb  dovere. 


C0MPUI.SI0N       CERTAINTY        DESTINT 


he  has  to 
speak, 
he  must 
speak 

he  had  to 
speak 

he  had  to 
speak 

he  will  have 
to  speak 

he  would 
have  to 
speak 

he  has  had 
to  si>eak 

he  had  had 
to  speak 

he  will  have 
had  to  speak 


he  would  have 
had  to  speak 


he  must 
be   si)cak- 
ing 


he  is  to 
si)eak 


he  must  he  was  to 

have  spoken   speak 


he  must 
have  sjwken 

he  must 
have  spoken 


DUTY 


he  ouRht 
to  sjwak. 
he  should 
speak 


he  ought 
to  have 
8])<»ken, 
he  shoul4 
have 
BDoken 


Lesson  XXVI    Section  167  111 

The  main  idea  of  dovere  as  auxiliary  is  compulsion. 
Each  of  its  tenses  may  express  this  idea.  Thus,  dcve 
parlare  may  mean  "he  is  to  speak,"  "he  is  compelled 
to  speak,"  "he  is  obliged  to  speak,"  "he  is  forced  to 
speak,"  "he  must  speak." 

Besides  this  main  idea  dovere  has  at  times  three 
other  ideas,  each  limited  to  certain  tenses:  the  ideas 
of  certainty,  destiny,  and  duty. 

It  may  express  the  idea  of  certainty  in  the  present 
and  in  the  past  descriptive  tenses,  and  in  the  two 
corresponding  compound  tenses.  Thus,  deve  parlare 
may  mean  "he  must  be  speaking,"  "he  is  evidently 
speaking,"  "he  is  certainly  speaking." 

It  may  express  the  idea  of  destiny  in  the  present 
and  past  descriptive  tenses.  Thus,  deve  parlare  may 
mean  "he  is  to  speak." 

It  may  express  the  idea  of  duty  in  the  past  future 
and  in  the  corresponding  compound  tense.  Thus 
dovrebbe  parlare  may  mean  "he  ought  to  speak," 
"he  should  speak"  (when  "should"  means  "ought  to"). 
Notice  that  the  past  future  and  the  corresponding 
compound  tense  are  the  only  tenses  of  dovere  which  can 
be  translated  with  "ought." 

167. 

Di  giorno  e  di  notte  By  day  and  by  night 

Dove  sta  di  casa?  Where  dues  he  live  ? 

Credo  di  si  I  think  so 


112  I*^R8T  Italian  Hook 

Faceva  di  tutto  per  riuscire     I  le  did  everything  he  could 

to  succeed 

Quell'avaro  di  Giuseppe      That  miser  of  a  Josepli. 

tluit       miserly      fellow 
Joseph 

Un   monte    detto    di    San     A   mountain  called   "San 
Martino  Martino" 

Credo  di  aver  detto  tutta     I    think    I   have  told   the 
la  verita  whole  truth 

The  jireposition  di  is  used  in  a  large  number  of 
idiomatic  ways,  some  of  which  are  illustrated  above. 

Exercise  XXVI 

/.  Translate,  imn^  forms  of  the  English  verb  "/6 
owe":  devo  dovril  dovevi  (lovrebbcro  dovcste 
dovendo  debba  dobbiamo  doverono  devono 
dovremo      dovuto      deve. 

£.  Translate  these   phrases  as  expressing   the   ida 
of    compulsion:      dovra     parlare         devono     parlan 
dovcste  parlare       dovrebbero  parlare       dovcvo  par 
lare      devi  parlare      dovrete  parlare      <lovcvano  par- 
lare     dovette  parlare      dovremmo  parlare      abbiamo 
dovuto   parlare       avretc   dovuto   parlare       avevano 
dovuto  parlare       avrei  dovuto  parlare. 

S.  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  the  idea  of 
certainty:  dcve  cssere  li  devono  e.ssere  11  dovrvano 
eas(»rc  11  dovcva  esscre  11  lianno  ilovuto  rsst-re  II 
aveva  dovuto  cssere  \\. 


Lesson  XXVI     Exercise  XXVI  113 

4.  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  the  idea  oj 
destiny:  dobbiamo  andare  dovevi  andare  dsvo 
andare  dovevamo  andare  devono  andare  dovevo 
andare     dovete  andare     dovevano   andare. 

6.  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  the  idea  of 
duty:  dovrsi  tornare      avrei  dovuto  tornare      dovresti  -l 

tornare       avresti  dovuto  tornare       dovrsbbe  tornare  I 

avrsbbe  dovuto  tornare  dovrsbbero  tornare  avrem- 
mo  dovuto  tornare  dovreste  tornare  avrebbero 
dovuto  tornare      dovremmo  tornare      avreste  dovuto  1 

tornare.  | 

6.  Translate:     1.  Se    non    ce    I'avcssero    trovato,  1 

avrebbero  dovuto  tornare  alia  citta  ssnza  vedere 
nessuno  della  famtglia.  2.  eccole  finalmente:  dove- 
vano  venire  alle  due,  e  sono  adssso  le  tre  meno  venti, 
3.  Secondo  quel  che  ne  dice  lui,  quel  loro  quadri  dsvono 
valere  pid  di  sessanta  mila  lire.  4.  Avresti  dovuto 
domandargli  dove  sta  di  casa.  5.  Aveva  fatto  di 
tutto  per  salvare  qualche  cosa,  ma  ha  dovuto  cedere 
anche  il  poderetto. 


114 


First  Italian  Book 


LEvSSON  XXVII 

168.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study,  in 
the  List  of  Irregular  Verbs,  the  verbs  potere  and  volere 


^  i 

tM'       \'     -^^     ^                          ^      . 

169. 

ABIUTT 

POSSIDILITT 

SUCCESS 

pu.') 

he  is  able  to 

he  may  speak 

parlare 

sjwak, 
he  can  speak 

poteva 

he  was  able  to 

he  niiRht 

parlare 

speak, 
he  could  speak 

have  spoken 

potd 

he  was  able  to 

he  succee<led 

parlare 

si>oak 

in  speaking 

potri 

he  will  be  able 

he  may  speak 

parlare 

to  sjioak 

potrcbbe 

he  would  be  able 

he  might  speak 

parlare 

to  .-|>oak, 
he  could  si)eak 

ha  potuto 

he  has  been  able 

he  may  have 

parlare 

to    si)cak, 
he     can     have 
spoken 

8{K>kcn 

aveva 

he  had  been  able 

he  might  have 

potuto 

to  s]M'ak 

spoken 

parlare 

he   could    have 
spoken 

avri 

he     will     have 

he  may  have 

potuto 

been   able   to 

spoken 

parlare 

sjxaik, 
he     can     have 
BjKiken 

avrcbbe 

he   would   have 

he  might  ha\'e 

potuto 

been    able    to 

S)X>kbD 

parlare 

hjK'nk, 
he   could    have 
spoken 

Lesson  XXVII    Sections  170-171 


115 


The  main  idea  of  potere  is  ability.  Each  of  its 
tenses  may  express  this  idea.  It  has  often  the  idea  of 
possibiHty,  which  it  may  express  in  any  tense  except 
the  past  absolute.  The  past  absolute  has  also  the 
special  sense  "came  to  be  able,"  "succeeded." 


170.  voglio  parlare 


vorrei  parlare 
non  voglio  parlare 


I  wish  to  speak 

I  want  to  speak 

I  will  to  speak 

I  insist  on  speaking 

I  will  speak 

I  try  to  speak 

I  am  glad  to  speak 

I  am  willing  to  speak 

I  should  like  to  speak 

I  don't  want  to  speak 

I  refuse  to  speak 


Volere  as  auxiliary  means  usually  "to  wish"  or 
"to  want."  It  may,  however,  express  almost  any 
shade  of  volition,  strong  or  weak,  as  indicated  above. 
The  past  future  equivalent  of  "I  am  glad  to  speak"  is 
"I  should  like  to  speak."  With  a  negative,  volere 
often  assumes  a  meaning  as  strong  as  "refuse." 

171. 


La  parola  "casetta"  vuol 

dire  "casa  p/ccola" 
Ci  voile  un'ora  per  finirlo 
Mi  vuol  bene 
Cosa  vuole? 


The  word  "casetta"  means 

"a  little  house" 
It  took  an  hour  to  finish  it 
He  is  fond  of  mc,  he  loves  me 
What  can  you  expect  ? 


1 1(1  FiitsT  Italian  Hook 

Volere  is  used  in  many  common  idioms,  of  wliich 
those  listod  above  are  typical.  W  ith  the  last,  compare 
the  French  que  voulcz-voust 

172. 
Irri  ho  veduto  Giovanni  e     Yesterday  I  saw  John  and 

la  sorrlla  his  sister 

Sono  partiti  un'ora  fa  Tlicy  left  an  hour  ago 

'I'he  present  |)erfeet  is  often  u.«cd  instead  of  the 
past  ah.solutc  in  the  statement  of  a  recent  action. 
This  use  of  this  tense,  which  is  similar  to  a  French  use 
of  the  present  perfect,  is  becoiniii^j  more  and  more 
common  in  Italy;  hut  the  past  absolute  still  rem;iins 
the  normal  past  tense. 

173. 
Non  lo  posso  spiegare  I  cannot  explain  it 

Glielo  volevo  dare  I  wanted  to  ^ive  it  to  him 

Mi  venne  a  cercare  lie  came  to  look  for  me 

A  ct)njunctive  pronoun  standinj;  with  a  main  verb 
is  often  in  thought  the  object  of  a  dep(>ndent  infinitive. 
This  is  true  even  in  .some  cjises  in  which  a  preposition 
intervenes  l>etween  the  main  verb  and  the  infinitive. 

EXKKCISK   XXVII 

/.  I  (h  lit  if y:       po.ssiaino  potrii  pu.i  pot6 

l».)ssono      pottTono      pii.ii  potosse  potrii  possa 

.  .)Kliono       vorrcmo       vuoi  voile  voglia  vorrri 

\.)Mi      vouliamo      vorreste  vollero. 


Lesson  XXVII     Exercise  XXVII  117 

2.  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  the  idea  of 
ability:  potevano  seguire  potro  seguire  possono 
seguire  potrsi  seguire  potei  seguire  puoi  seguire 
potevo  seguire  hanno  potuto  seguire  avro  potuto 
seguire  avevo  potuto  seguire  avreste  potuto 
seguire. 

3.  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  the  idea  of 
possibility:  posso  psrdere  potremo  psrdere  *  pote- 
vano psrdere  potreste  psrdere  potevo  psrdere 
pu5  psrdere  ha  potuto  psrdere  avra  potuto  psrdere 
avevi  potuto  psrdere      avremnio  potuto  psrdere. 

4-  Translate  these  phrases  as  expressing  strong 
volition:  volevo  pagare  vuol  pagare  vorranno 
pagare  voile  pagare  vorrsi  pagare  hanno  voluto 
pagare     avrsbbe  voluto  pagare     aveva  voluto  pagare. 

5.  Translate  the  same  phrases  as  expressing  weak 
volition. 

6.  Translate:  1.  Glielo  volevo  dare  oggi  ma  per 
finirlo  ci  vorra  un'altra  settimana.  2.  Ce  li  ho  veduti 
isri,  e  ci  possono  tornare  anche  stamane.  3.  Non  gli 
vorrsi  dire  una  cosa  della  quale  non  gli  potrsi  dinio- 
strare  la  verity.  4.  Stanno  li  da  una  ms^s'ora:  ho 
detto  loro  che  lui  non  tornera  che  alle  disci,  ma  lo 
vogUono  aspettare.  5.  Chi  non  puo  fare  come  vuole, 
faccia  come  puo. 


lis  F^RfiT  Italian  Book 

LESSON  XXVIII 

174.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
vcilts  in  -fiidcrc,  -idcrc,  and  -udtTc  given  in  the  List  of 
irregular  Verbs. 

All  past  participles  in  -cso  and  all  past  absolutes  in 
-ini  corresi)ond  to  infinitives  in  -cndere. 

All  past  participles  in  -iso  and  all  past  absolutes  in 
-isi  (except  misi)  correspond  to  infinitives  in  -idcre. 

All  past  participles  in  -uso  and  all  past  absolutes  in 
-usi  (except  fuse  and  fusi)  correspond  to  infinitives  in 
-udere. 

175. 

Disse    che    ce    I'avrcbbe  He  said  that  he  would  give 

date  it  to  us 

Speravo  che  sarrbbe  ve-  I   hoped  that  you  would 

nuto  piu  presto  come  sooner 

The  past  future  perfect  is  often  used  in  cases  in 
which  the  English  idiom  requires  the  simple  past 
future. 

176. 

Mi  duole  la  trsta  My  head  aches 

Gli  avete  rubato  il  posto  You  have  stolen  his  place 

Si  levD  il  capprllo  He  took  ofT  his  hat 

Si  era  tagliato  la  mano  He  had  cut  his  hand 

The  indirect  conjunctive  pronouns  often  serve 
merely  to  indicate  jxjssession. 


Lesson  XXVIII    Section  177 


119 


177. 

V'orrsi  e  questo  e  quelle 

3  Giovanni  o  il  fratello  ci 

d£ve  andare 
3hi  saliva,  chi  scendeva 

3i  vedeva  dove  un  pezzo, 
dove  un  altro,  dove  una 
iunga  distesa  del  fiume 

Non  venne,  sia  che  non 
avesse  ricevuto  la  let- 
tera,  sia  che  non  volesse 
venire 

Several    Italian   words 
when  used  as  correlatives. 


I  should  like  both  this  one 
and  that  one 

Either  John  or  his  brother 
must  go  there 

Some  were  going  up, 
others  were  going  down 

One  saw  here  a  bit,  there 
another,  there  a  long 
stretch  of  the  river 

He  didn't  come,  either 
because  he  hadn't  re- 
ceived the  letter,  or 
because  he  didn't  want 
to  come 

assume   special   meanings 


Exercise  XXVIII 

1.  Translate:  deciso  difesi  rise  resero 
chiuso  scesi  ucciso  sorrise  conclusero  acceso 
divisi  prese  deczsero  difeso  risi  rese  chiw- 
sero  sceso  uccisi  sorriso  concluse  accesero 
diviso       prosi. 

2.  Translate:  1.  S's  fatto  cavare  due  denti. 
2.  Dicevano  che  il  concorso  si  sarsbbe  chiuso  il  dieci 
giugno.  3.  Credevo  che  saremmo  arrivati  prima  di 
loro.  4.  L'avete  chiusa  quella  porta?  5.  Se  glielo 
vado  a  dire,  mi  ride  in  faccia.  6.  Sia  che  fosse  di- 
sgrazia,  sia  che  non  sapesse  fare,  perdette  tutto  il  suo  e 


120  FiitsT  Italian  Hook 

Kran  parte  di  quel  che  ^li  avcva  portato  la  inoglie. 
7.  Si  scntiva  il  cuore  legKEro  |)er  la  giaia  che  avrebbe 
data  a  tutti  e  due.  8.  I  lurni  non  s'eraiio  ancora 
acccsi,  e  non  ci  si  poteva  vcdcre  nicntc.  9.  Mi  prese 
la  niano,  mi  dissc  che  sapeva  di  aver  avuto  tDrto,  c 
mi  demand!)  se  non  lo  volcssi  pcrdonare.  10.  Questo 
mondo  c  fatto  a  scale,  chi  le  scende  e  chi  le  sale. 

LESSON  XXIX 

178.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  ardere,  -cfdere,  correre,  discutere,  fondere, 
invadere,  mettere,  mordere,  -pr/mere,  radere,  and 
rodere. 

179. 
Torab  senza  averlo  trovato     He    came    back    without 

havinp;  found  it 
Ce  lo  dara  prima  di  partire     He  will  give  it  to  us  before 

leaving 

The  Italian  infinitive  after  a  preposition  often  corre- 
spond.s  to  an  l^nglish  present  participle. 

180. 

II    parlare    troppo    gli  ha     Talking  too  much  has  cost 

costato  caro  him  dear 

Nel    cadere    si  taglib  la     In  falling  he  cut  his  right 

dfstra  hand 

The  Italian  infinitive  with  a  definite  article  often 
corresponds  to  an  English  present  participle. 


Lesson  XXIX    Sections  181-182  121 

181.     davanti  a  noi  before  us 

distro  a  lui  behind  him 

vicino  alia  casa  near  the  house 

venne  incontro  al  he    came    to   meet    his 

fratcUo  brother 

contro  di  lore  against  them 

al  di  la  del  fiume  beyond  the  river 

The  prepositions  a  and  di  appear  as  the  final  mem- 
bers of  many  prepositional  phrases. 

182. 
Ci  mise  davanti  tutte  le     He    put    all    the    papers 

carte  before  us 

Le  stflvano  vicino  They  were  standing  near 

her 
Gli  venne  mcontro  She  came  to  meet  him 

When  the  logical  object  of  a  prepositional  phrase 
of  which  the  final  member  is  a  is  a  personal  pronoun,  the 
use  of  a  disjunctive  pronoun  is  often  avoided  by  putting 
a  conjunctive  pronoun  before  the  verb,  omitting  the  a, 
and  treating  the  first  member  of  the  prepositional 
phrase  as  an  adverb. 

Exercise  XXIX 

1.  Translate:  corsi  invasero  messo  morse 
roso  mise  discussi  concsssero  fuso  espresse 
arso  nxisQxo  morsi  corsero  raso  espressi  di- 
scussero      concesse      invaso      misi. 

2.  Translate:  1.  Le  corsero  dietro,  chiamandola 
per  nome.       2,  Dovrebbe  aiutarci  lui  invece  di  star 


122  FiiisT  Italian  Hook 

II  a  (livortirsi.       3.  II  perdcro  quelle  rnrte  pli  ha  costa* 
un  niese  di  lavoro.       4.  Si  miardava  attorno  coiiie 
avcssc    paura    chc   qualouno    lo   vcdcsse.       5.  e    un 
ciovane  la  cui  maniera  di  parlare  ci  pare  stranissiu 
G.  Si  discutcva  sc  si  dovcsse  dirKlielo  subito.       7.  D- 
veva   parlarRlicnc,    nia   al    vodcrlo   dccise   di    tarn- 
8.  II  pensare  e  alle  volte  pifi  difTj'ciic  che  I'agirc.     9.  Ci 
.stava    davanti,    pront/ssimo    a    fare    tutto    quel    che 
avremmo  volute.       10.  Si  inise  il  cappElIo  c  il  Bopro- 
bito,  ma  rcstj  ancora  una  decina  di  minuti  a  chiac- 
chierare. 

LESSON  XXX 

183.  I\»r  this  losson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  chirdere,  distmguere,  nascondere,pi3vere,rispon- 
dere,rompere,  scrivere,  -s/stere,  -solvere,  ami  spegnere. 

184. 

Trovato      Giovanni      che  Having  found  John  work- 

lavorava  li,  gli  dicde  il  inj?  there,  he  pave  him 

pacco  the  package 

Vedutala  in  pencolo,  corse  Seeing   her   in  danger,  he 

ad  aiutarla  ran  to  help  her 

Partiti  gli  altri,  noi  due  ci  When  the  others  had  gone, 

mettemmo  a  studiare  wo  twt)  began  to  study 

Contrnta  hi,  la  cosa  andr^  If  .she  is  content,  the  thing 

bene  will  go  all  right 

The  past  participle  is  often  used  to  form  an  absolute 
clause  with  a  noun  or  pronoun.  Such  clauses  can 
usually  be  translated  by  u.<<e  of  the  Knglish  present 
perfect  participle,  as  "having  seen,"  "h.ivinc  gone." 


* 


Lesson  XXX    Sections  185-186  123 

etc.;  but  the  English  idiom  often  requires  a  present 
rather  than  a  perfect  participle,  and  often  prefers  a 
temporal  or  a  conditional  clause.  The  past  participle 
thus  used  generally  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with 
the  noun  or  pronoun  with  which  it  is  associated;  but 
if  the  person  whose  action  is  expressed  in  the  past 
participle  is  also  the  subject  of  the  sentence,  the  past 
participle  may  agree  in  gender  and  number  with  that 
subject. 

As  the  last  example  shows,  adjectives  are  used  like 
participles  to  form  absolute  clauses. 

185. 
Tornati  che  furono,  trova-    When  they  returned,  they 
rono  pronto  ogni  cosa  found  everything  ready 

A  clause  consisting  of  a  past  participle,  che,  and  a 
form  of  avere  or  essere  is  often  used  as  the  equivalent 
of  an  ordinary  temporal  clause  with  quando. 

186.     libro        book        librone        big  book 
faccia      face         faccione      large  face 
bene        well         benone        very  well 

The  augmentative  ending  -one  normally  denotes  a 
relative  increase  in  size  or  in  intensity.  This  ending, 
and  the  endings  discussed  in  the  following  paragraphs, 
are  used  very  freely  in  Italian.  Their  force,  however, 
cannot  always  be  rendered  by  English  adjectives  or 
adverbs.  Sometimes  they  indicate  a  gradation  too 
slight  to  be  accounted  for  in  translation;  sometimes 
the  word  produced  by  their  use  has  come  to  have  a 


121 


FiiisT  Italian  Book 


187. 

fanciullo 

Ixiy 

bdlo 

hoautiful 

mamma 

mother 

casa 

house 

campana 

bell 

special   meaning  in   which   the  ori);iii;il    force  of  the 
ending  is  lost. 

fanciullino  little  boy 

bellino  {)rotty 

mammina  (le:ir  little  mother 

casetta  littlo  house 

campanella  little  bell 

The  ciulinKs  -ino,  -ttto,  -cllo,  the  corresponding 
feminine  endings,  certain  endings  derived  from  these, 
such  :is  -icitio  and  -erello,  and  certain  other  endings, 
such  as  -otto,  -vccio,  and  -nolo,  are  diminutive  endings, 
and  normally  denote  relative  diminution  in  size  or  in 
intensity.  Manj'  of  them  may  carry  the  idea  of 
;ilT(cti<m;  some  of  them  may  carry  the  idea  of  contempt. 

188.     ttmpo    weather      tempaccio    bad  weather 

The  ending  -accio  denotes  worthlessness  or  dis- 
agreeableness. 

Exercise  XXX 

/.  Trnm^laic:  na,scoscro  rupi)i  risoluto  cliicse 
di.sttnsero  piave  spcnto  scrisse  risposi  chiesi 
CA-istito  nascose  ruppero  chiesto  distinse 
.scrissi  risposto  pi.n'A-e  rotto  chirsero  nascosi 
distinto. 

2.  Sidle  for  each  of  these  words  whether  the  ending 
dennlcs  largeness,  smnllness,  or  worthlessness  or  dis- 
(igncalAauss:  lagriinetta  nasone  lezioncina  paro- 
loccia       manina        canalctto       figliualo       poverello 


Lesson  XXXI    Section  189  125 

visaccio  piazzetta  lumicino  cassone  salotto 
paeswccio  cavallaccio  cappellone  poveretto  cit- 
tadina  cosuccia  violino  violone  violoncello 
dottorellucciaccio. 

S.  Translate:  1.  Fattagli  la  domanda,  gli  stavano 
attorno  ad  aspettare  la  risposta.  2.  Quella  kttera 
me  la  scrisse  prima  di  partire  per  Gsnova.  3.  Sentito 
che  sarebbe  andata  da  voi,  le  chissi  se  ce  la  potessi 
accompagnare.  4.  Si  doveva  andare  oggi,  ma,  malata 
Isi,  e  con  questo  tempaccio,  bisognava  restare  a  casa. 
5.  Partiti  che  fiirono,  cominciarono  tutti  a  pari  are  non 
di  ki  ma  della  sorellina.  6.  Hanno  risoluto  di  andar- 
gli  incontro  loro  stessi.  7.  Vedute  quelle  carte,  si 
capi  che  non  valeva  la  pena  di  proseguire.  8.  S'e 
rotto  la  gamba,  poveretto,  e  chi  sa  quando  potra 
tornare  al  lavoro.  9.  Rispostogli  che  sarsbbe  tornato 
alle  nove,  se  n'and5  in  fretta.  10.  Portava  un  cap- 
pellone che  le  nascondeva  rmzza,  la  faccia. 

LESSON  XXXI 

189.  conoscere  to  know 

conosco  I  know 

conosci  you  know 

conoscono  they  know 

conosca  let  him  know 

conoscano  let  them  know 

piangere  to  weep 

piango  I  weep 

piangono  they  weep 


I'jCi  FiiisT  Italian  Book 

In  verbs  of  the  third  conjuRrxtion  in  which  the 
infinitive  ends  in  -cere  or  -^cre  no  t  is  inserted  Iwforo 
tlie  present  endings  -o,  -ono,  wi,  -ano.  A  variation 
in  the  sound  of  (ho  stem  thus  results;  but  since  this 
variation  is  common  to  all  thc.-?c  verbs  it  is  not  regarded 
as  an  irregularity. 

190.  I'or  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
v(t1»s  conoscere,  crescere,  nascere,  torcere,  and 
vmcere. 

191. 


mi  volto 

I  turn 

mi  muDvo 

I  move 

mi  alzo 

I  rise 

mi  fermo 

I  stop 

mi  sveglio 

1  awake 

mi  batto 

I  fight 

mi  pcnto 

I  repent 

Italian  uses  the  reflexive  construction  in  many 
cases  in  which  English  uses  an  intransitive  verb.  In 
some  such  cases,  as  in  the  first  five  in  the  foregoing  list, 
the  meaning  of  the  Italian  verb  as  reflexive  is  clearly 
the  intransitive  equivalent  of  the  meaning  of  the 
same  Italian  verb  as  transitive.  In  other  easels,  as  in 
the  next-to-last  examjjle  above,  the  meaning  of  the 
It.'ilian  verb  as  reflexive  is  an  idiomatic  meaning  not 
•  ibviously  related  to  that  of  the  verb  as  transitive. 
In  other  cases,  as  in  the  last  example  above,  the  verb 
is  used  only  as  reflexive. 


Lesson  XXXI    Sections  192-194 


127 


192.     mi  accorgo  di  lui         I  perceive  him 
mi  ricordo  di  lui  I  remember  him 

mi  scordo  di  lui  I  forget  him 

In  some  cases  an  Italian  reflexive  verb,  though 
■eally  intransitive  in  force,  is  with  the  following 
)reposition  equivalent,  through  difference  in  idiom,  to 
m  English  transitive  verb. 

193. 

rolse  la  scatola  a  Giovanni,  He  took   the  box  from 
e  la  disde  a  Francesco  John    and   gave   it   to 

Francis 
It's  your  turn. 
You  will  think  of  me,  will 

you  not  ? 
He  was  there  working 
If    you    read    what    he 

writes  you  would  think 

him  crazy 
On  seeing  him  they  fled 
A  week  from  today 
A  steam  engine 


Pocca  a  Lei 

Penserete  a  me,  non  8  vero? 

Stava  li  a  lavorare 
\.  lEggere  quel  che  scrive  lo 
credercbbe  pazzo 

M  vederlo,  fuggfrono 

)ggi  a  otto 

Jna  macchina  a  vapore 

The  preposition  a  is  used  in  a  large   number   of 
diomatic  ways,  some  of  which  are  illustrated  above. 

194. 


3  come  credi  di  finirlo? 

Zhe    le    pare    una    bella 

azione?     or 
3  che  le  pare  una  bella 

azione? 


How  do  you  think  you 
will  finish  it? 


Does  it  seem  to  you   a 
worthy  action? 


128  I"ni8T  Italian  liooK 

The  words  o  and  che,  singly  or  tofrclher,  arc  of'   '■ 
used,  without  transhitahlo  force,  to  introduce  quest i^ 

EXEUCISE  XX\I 

/.  Translate:  crcscono  nacque  torto  vi 
<onobbi  cresriuto  nasce  torsi  vtnr' 

coiiosci  crrbhero  na^'Jiono  vinse  conobl 
crcsce  nato  vinci  conosciuto  crebl^e  i 
quero       vinto. 

2.  Trnnslnte:    mi   voltai       si   mujvono       si   r;' 
ferinatcvi      ti  «vcghcrai     ci  l)attoreiiimo      vipcnt! 
si  volt«rebbc       iiuioversi       alzati       si  ferniino 
sveghai      si  bnttono      ti  pcntircsti       voltandosi 
iMUova        si    alzavano        ci    fcrmainmo        si    s\ 
battrndoci       mi  pentii       me  ne  ricordai       mi  j^ 
svcRliato      si  era  voltato       ci  saremo  fermati 
sarestc  alzati       si  sono  battuti       se  ne  sono  pcir    : 
me  n'ero  scordato. 

3.  Translate:  1.  Lo  conosciaino  di  vista,  ma  : 
ci  h  state  prcAcntato.  2.  Hj  fatto  io  tutto  (jud  rlx 
potuto:  era  gH  tocca  a  lui.  3.  Si  svegli,  sigip 
fra  vcnti  minuti  si  arriva  a  Bologna.  4.  O  ch' 
Iascen\  vnicerc  cosl?  5.  Sta  a  Roma  da  eei  mc 
studiare  rarchitcttiira  del  Cin(|U<'<  into.  C.  T.ci  pi 
scmpre  a  quel  figliu.)Io  che  pcrdcttc  due  anni  so 

7.  Che  lo  conosci  quel  pittore  francc«e?      8.  opui  a 
otto  ci  vedremo  dalle  ^anetti.       9.  Dante  naoqi: 
Fircnze    ncl    milledueccntescssantarinque.       10.  N     . 
si  Hcardi  di  noi. 


Lesson  XXXII    Sections  195-197  129 

LESSON  XXXII 

195.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
;rbs  in  -ggere  and  -ngere  given  in  the  List  of  Irregular 
erbs. 

196. 
.  andava  al  teatro 

oi  si  andava  al  teatro  We  went  to  the  theater 

oi  si  £ra  andati  al  We     had    gone    to    the 

teatro  theater 

A  third  singular  verb  form  with  si  is  often  used 
3tead  of  a  first  plural  form.  The  subject  pronoun 
i  is  sometimes  expressed  in  connection  with  such  a 
irase. 

197. 

le  se  ne  vada  Let  him  go  away 

le  ci  flbbia  lasciati?  Can  he  have  left  us  ? 

che  lo  faro  I  certainly  will  do  it 

mase  qui  una  settimana,  He    stayed  here  a  week, 

che  ci  aveva  molto  da  as  he  had  much  to  do 

fare  here 

i  di£de  molte  monete,  He  gave  him  many  coins, 

che    n'ebbe    piene    le  so    that    he    had    his 

tasche  pockets  full 

The  conjunction  che  is  used  in  many  idiomatic 
nstructions,  some  of  which  are  illustrated  above, 
le  first  three  are  really  elliptic.  A  main  verb  express- 
g  command  is  implicit  in  the  first  case.     Che  se  ne 


130  First  Italian  Book 

vada  doc,«*  not  difTcr  in  menninR  from  se  ne  vada 
used  without  the  che  when  the  subject  is  really  in  ' 
third  person.  In  the  8tH'f)nd  case  some  sucli  in! rot i 
tory  phriusc  as  "can  it  be"  is  irnphcit;  and  in  the  tl. 
case  some  such  phrase  as  "it  is  true."  In  tlie  fou: 
case  the  che  serves  as  a  weak  conjtmction  of  cai; 
and  in  the  last  case  it  serves  as  a  weak  conjunction 
result. 

198. 
Pensava  a  quel  problrma      Tie  was  thinking  of  thai 

problem 
Ci  pensava  He  was  thinking  of  it 

Rinunzib  aU'onore  He  gave  up  the  honor 

Ci  rinunziS  He  gave  it  up 

The  adverb  ci  is  u.scd  as  a  conjunctive  pntnomina 
equivalent  of  a  phrase  consisting  of  the  preposition 
and  a  j)ronoun  which  does  not  refer  to  a  person. 

199.     Cosac'e?  What  is  it? 

Wiiat  is  the  matter? 
Ci  avrrbbe  un 

fiamm/fero?       Have  you  a  match? 

The  adverb  ci  is  u.^cd  idiomatically  in  many  casa 
without  translatable  force. 

Exercise  XXXII 

/.  Translate:     Icggo        protf.><se        fritto        Icsa 

rrp^ge      fisai      afllilto      Irgga      struggc      fitto      pro 

tcggono      rc8.se      stringono      ftnsero     spinto     giun« 


Lesson  XXXIII    Sections  200-201         131 

tinge  piansi  unto  cinse  piangi  stretto 
giungo      piansero. 

2.  Translate:  1.  Noi  si  rimarr^  ancora  un  mese. 
2.  Che  sia  lui  che  ha  fatto  questo?  3.  Ci  pensero 
stasera,  e  doinani  Le  faro  nota  la  mia  risoluzione. 
4.  S'era  giunti  al  poiite  quando  Isi  si  fermo  ad  aspettare 
gli  altri.       5.  Ci  s's  andati   ieri,  ma  essi  non  c'srano. 

6.  Che  studi,  se  vuol  formarsi  un'opinione  inteUigsnte. 

7.  Cosa  c'e  ?  C'e  stato  uno  scontro  di  automobili,  li 
nella  piazzetta.  8.  Giunti  la,  non  sapevano  cosa 
fare.  9.  Prima  non  lo  volevo  kggere;  ma  adesso 
che  me  n'  ha  dato  una  copia  lui  stesso,  si  che  lo  leggero. 
10.  0  che  ci  crede  Lei  che  loro  ci  abbiano  ragione? 

LESSON  XXXIII 

200.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  accorgersi,  dirigere,  porgere,  scorgere,  sorgere, 
spargere,  sporgere,  and  volgere. 

201. 
Se  ci  fosse  stato  lui,  non 

sarebbe  SUCC8SS0  questo 
or 
Sec'eralui,  non  succedeva     If  he  had  been  there,  this 

questo  wouldn't  have  happened 

The  past  descriptive  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  past  perfect  subjunctive  after  se,  and  for 
the  past  future  perfect  in  a  conclusional  clause. 


\:V2 


First  Italian  Hook 


202. 
Si  godevano  la  bella  vista 


S'immagini  che  scena! 
Se  lo  trnga  il  libro 


Tlicy  were  enjoyinj^  the 
Wcaiitifiil  view 

IinaRino  wliat  a  scene! 

Kc'c|>  the  book  (for  your- 
self) 

An  indirect  reliexive  pronoun  without  translatable 
force  is  in  many  cases  associated  with  a  transitive 
verb. 

203.  The  orchna!  numerals  from  1st  through  12th, 
and  some  of  the  higher  ordinals,  .arc  as  follows: 


prime 

1st 

undrcimo 

secondo 

2d 

or 

trrzo 

3d 

drcimo  prime 

nth 

quarto 

4th 

duedrcime 

quinto 

5th 

Of 

decime  secendo 

12th 

srsto 

Gth 

ventesimo 

2()th 

sfttimo 

7th 

trentEsimo 

30th 

ottavo 

Sth 

quarantrsirao 

40th 

nono 

0  th 

cinquantrsimo 

r)Oth 

decimo 

10th 

centrsirao 

100th 

KXERCISE    XXXIII 

/.  Trnnslnle:  dir/^ono  scarto  porsc  mi 
accorsi  sparge  sp.jrgono  volte  sorge  dircsse 
srarsi  p.)rga  mi  accorgo  .spar.scro  sporge  volsi 
sorto  dirigo  .scarsero  parte  si  accarsc  sparsi 
sporto      valgono. 


Lesson  XXXIV    Sections  204-205         133 

2.  Translate:  1.  Non  s'accorse  che  il  treno  era 
gi^  in  movimento.  2,  Fra  i  papi  piil  famosi  del 
Rinascimento  si  nominano  Niccolo  quinto,  Pio  secondo, 
Sisto  quarto,  Alessandro  sssto,  Giitlio  secondo,  e  Leone 
dscimo.  3.  Se  ci  pensavano  un  po'  piu  a  lungo,  non 
gli  rispondevano  cosi.  4.  M'immaginavo  che  ne 
sareste  contsnti.  5.  Vide  il  pacco  e  se  lo  prese 
ssnza  nemmeno  ringraziarci.  6.  II  Castiglione  e 
uno  dei  letterati  piCi  eminenti  del  sscolo  decimo  sssto. 
7,  Dirige  I'orchsstra  da  qualche  mese  un  giovane 
masstro  siciliano.  8.  Mi  cro  accorto  della  loro 
intenzione,  ma  non  mi  toccava  a  me  ad  impedirli. 
9.  Li  almeno  ci  goderemo  un  buon  pranso.  10 .  Troverai 
quella  rsgola  nella  ventssima  nona  lezione. 

LESSON  XXXIV 

204.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  cogliere,  scegliere,  sciogliere,  togliere,  and 
v/vere. 

205. 
Spsro  che  vsnga  I  hope  that  he  will  come 

Non  c'e  perzcolo  che  lo     There  is  no  danger  that 

perdano  they  will  lose  it 

Cerca  uno  che  glielo  spie-     He  is  looking  for  someone 
ghi  who  will  explain  it  to 

him 
Speravo  che  venisse  I   hoped    that   he   would 

come 


134  KiiujT  Italian  Book 

Non  c'cra  pericolo  che  lo  There  was  no  danRcr  that 
perdessero  they  would  lose  it 

Cercava  uno  che  glielo  Tie  wa-s  looking;  for  some- 
spiegasse  one  wh<)  would  explain 

it  to  hill) 

The  present  sui)jiinetive  is  in  several  types  of  clauses 
to  be  translated  by  the  future. 

The  past  subjunctive  in  the  same  types  of  clause 
is  to  be  translated  by  the  past  future. 

206. 
Canta     mfglio     che     non     She  sings  better  than  she 

suDna  plays 

Quanto  non  darci  a  vederlo    I  low  much  I  would  give  to 

qui  ancora!  see  him  here  aRain! 

Aspettai  finche  non  tomb  I  waited  until  he  returned 
The  woni  non  is  often  used  without  translatable 
force  in  clauses  of  the  first  two  types  illustrated  above: 
that  is,  when  two  actions  are  compared  and  in  rhe- 
t(jrical  questions.  Tiie  word  finche  in  it.-^elf  meaa-^ 
"as  long  as";  the  combination  finche  non  therefore 
means  "until." 

207. 
Le  piace?     Se  mi  piace!        Do  you  like  it?     Like  it? 

i.e.,  I  like  it  very  much 

The  conjunction  se  is  often  used  to  introduce  a 
chiii^e  which  consists  chielly  of  repetition  of  p.irt  of  a 
(juestion  and  is  in  effect  ;in  eiuph;ific  nuswcr  to  the 
question. 


Lesson  XXXV    Sections  208-209         135 

Exercise  XXXIV 

1.  Translate:  scelgo  sciolto  toglie  vissi 
cogli  scelto  sciolgono  tolsero  vissuto  colga 
scelse  sciolsi  tolto  vivr^  colsero  scegli 
scioglie      tolsi      vzssero. 

2.  Translate:  1.  Pu5  sssere  che  scelgano  lui,  ma 
queiraltro  lo  conoscono  tanto  msglio!  2.  Gli  tolse 
la  lettcra  e  se  la  iiiise  in  tasca.  3.  Noi  si  sperava 
che  ci  scrivesse  spesso.  4.  L'ho  studiato  piii  che  non 
pare.  5.  Che  conoscete  quel  giovane  ch'e  entrato 
or  ora?  Se  lo  conosco!  e  mio  cugino!  6.  Temono 
che  non  viva  se  rimane  li.  7.  Mi  aveva  consigliato  di 
Isggere  prima  una  delle  sue  commedie,  ma  scelsi 
invece  il  suo  ultimo  romance.  8.  Faccia  venire  o  un 
uomo  o  un  ragazzo  che  ci  guidi  alle  rovine.  9.  Finche 
non  li  pidjbhca,  non  si  sapra  se  quei  suoi  studj  sulla 
poesia  popolare  smno  cosi  importanti  come  crede  lui. 
10.  Lorenzo  de'  Msdici  visse  nel  sscolo  dscimo  quinto. 

LESSON  XXXV 

208.  porre  to  put 
ponendo          putting 
ponete            you  are  putting 

In  several  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  the 
mfinitive  is  itself  irregular.  In  all  such  verbs  the 
regular  stem  appears  in  the  present  participle. 

209.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  here,  cuocere,  -durre,  muovere,  nuocere,  per- 
cuotere,  porre,  scuotere,  and  trarre. 


136  First  Itauan  Book 

210. 

Basta  chc  lo  dica  It  is  cnoii^li  that  he  say  so, 

it  is  ciioukIi  that  ho  should 
say  so,  it  is  enough  for 
him  to  say  so 

Bastava  che  lo  dicesse       It  was  onou^h  (lint  ho  should 

say  so,  it  was  enough  for 
him  to  say  so 

The  prcsont  subjunctive  used  after  an  impersonal 
verb  is  to  be  translated  by  a  present  subjunctive,  by 
a  phrase  with  "should,"  or  by  an  infinitive  phra.se 
with  "for";  the  past  subjunctive  in  one  of  the  two 
latter  ways. 

211. 
Va'  scnza  che  lui  ti  veda    Go  without  his  seeing  you 
Me  ne  andai  senza  che     I  went  without  his  seeing  me 
lui  mi  vedesse 

Scnza  che  with  a  subjunctive  is  to  be  translated 
by  "without"  with  a  pre.soiit  participle. 

212.  distintamente       distinctly 

specialmente        specially 

The  a<iv('rl)  ending  -maUe  corresponds  to  the 
Knglish  ending  -ly. 

213. 
II  vccchio  parlava  lento    The  old  man  was  speaking 

slowly 

A  predicate  adjective  has  often  the  value  of  an 
adverb. 


Lesson  XXXVI    Sections  214-215         137 

Exercise  XXXV 

/.  Translate:  pose  bevessi  cuoce  condotto 
mossi  nociuto  percuote  scossero  trarr^  pon- 
gono  bewe  cotto  condussi  muDva  nocque 
percotendo  sc.xsso  trae  porrri  bevono  cossi 
condurrete  moviamo  trasse  posto  coceva  condurreste 
mosso  trasndo. 

2.  Translate:  1.  Non  e  posszbile  che  facciano 
questo!  2,  S'era  posta  alia  finestra,  e  Mario  le  stava 
accanto.  3.  Bisognava  che  li  conducesse  fino  alia 
porta  della  stazione.  4.  Eppur  si  muove.  5,  Biso- 
gnersbbe  dirgli  che  se  non  parla  chiaro  non  si 
sapra  cosa  voglia  dire.  6.  Le  piacersbbe  che  se  ne 
scordassero?  7.  Non  sapevano  se  farsi  avanti  o 
trarsi  indistro.  8.  Non  s  necessario  che  ci  vadano 
tuttiedue:  basta  che  ci  sia  o  I'uno  o  I'altro.  9.  Scosse 
la  testa,  e  gli  rispose  freddamente  che  non  si  moverebbe. 
10.  Traduca  ora  I'wltima  frase. 

LESSON  XXXVI 

214.  For  this  lesson  the  student  should  study  the 
verbs  aprire,  coprire,  ofifrire,  soffrire,  apparire,  com- 
parire,  sparire,  fuggire,  morire,  salire,  seppellire, 
udire,  uscire,  and  venire. 

215. 
Gli  venne  rif  erito  tutto  11    The  whole  conversation  was 
colloqulo  reported  to  him 


138 


First  Italian  Book 


Venire  is  often  used  instead  of  cssere  in  the  forma- 
tion of  pa.s.sive  verbal  phrases. 

216. 


VuDle  che  vrngano 
Permetta  ch'io  gli  parli 
Disse   che   lo   facessero 
subito 


He  wants  them  to  come 
Allow  1110  to  speak  to  him 
He  told  them  to  do  it  at 
once 

The  sultjunctive  after  a  verb  of  desire  or  concession 
is  generally  to  be  translated  by  an  infinitive  phrase, 
the  subject  of  the  Italian  subordinate  clau.sc  becoming 
the  object  of  the  main  verb  in  English. 

217. 
Lo  trattavano  come  fosse     They  treated  him  as  if  he 
un  vccchio  amico  were  an  old  friend 

When  come  is  used  with  a  past  subjunctive  it  is 
(•(juivalont  to  come  se,  and  means  "as  if." 

218. 
Gli  dirdi  il  libro  perche  lo     I  gave  him   the  book   in 
leggesse  order    that    he    should 

read  it 
Perche  with  the  subjunctive  means  generally  "iji 
order    that." 


EXERCISK    XXXVI 

/.  Tmnsilnte:  apcrto      appniono 
comparvero 


fuggo  copcrse 

vieni      comparvero      morto      olTersi      Siilga  sepolto 

Ddi       escano       iiiu.)ri       vcniicro       sofTtrto  sparve 

apcrsi    apj)ar8o    copirto    compaio        morrii  ofTrrto 


Lesson  XXXVI    Exercise  XXXVI        139 

salgono     oda     esce     vengono     soffsrsi     apparvero 
muoiono      verr^. 

2.  Translate:  1.  i  proibito  che  si  esca  ssnza 
ottenere  un  pcrmesso.  2.  Mi  era  parso  molto  strano, 
ma  isri  I'udii  spiegare  in  un  altro  modo,  ed  ora  mi 
pare  chianssimo.  3.  Fecero  cosi  perche  lui  capisse 
che  sapevano  di  aver  ragione.  4.  Voleva  che  tutti 
sak'ssero.  5.  Saputo  il  fatto,  venne  apcrta  una 
sottoscrizione  in  favore  del  poveretto.  6.  Dica  loro 
che  gli  offrano  tutto  il  denaro  disponzbile.  7.  Non 
permise  che  gli  vem'ssero  incontro.  8.  Dante  mori  a 
Ravenna  nel  milletrecentoventuno.  9.  Fuggi  colla 
scatola  come  avesse  paura  che  gliela  togliessero. 
1 0.  Dopo  la  pioggia  visne  il  bd  tempo. 


LIST  OF  IRUKC.ULAR  VERBS 

219.  Tlip  following  list  Is  intond  (I  to  afToni  a 
moans  of  idontifying  forms  of  invpiilar  vorlw  (other 
than  avere,  cssere,  andare,  dare,  stare,  fare,  and  dire, 
which  arc  stiKJicii  in  Ivossons  XI-XXIj.  After  each 
infinitive  are  piven:  first,  the  past  participle,  if  irrcpiilar; 
then  all  irrepular  forms  of  the  present  indicative;  then 
the  first  singular  of  the  present  suhjunctivc,  if  irrepular: 
then  the  three  imperative  fonns,  if  thc\'  differ  from 
corresponding  fomis  of  the  present  indicative;  then  the 
past  absolute  first  singular,  if  irregular;  then  the  futun- 
first  singular,  if  irregular. 

Fonns  separated  from  each  other  by  semicolons  are 
forms  of  different  tenses.  Fonns  separated  from  each 
other  by  commas  are  forms  of  the  same  tense. 

If  the  first  fonn  given  after  an  infinitive  ends  in 
-so  or  -to  it  is  a  past  participle  (except  posso  and  so). 
If  it  out\^  in  -o  preceded  by  any  other  letter  than  s  or  / 
it  is  pres<'iit  indicative  first  singular. 

All  forms  ending  in  -i  which  are  followed  l>y  no 
punctuation  or  by  a  semicolon  are  past  absolute  first 
singular  (except  accDrtosi,  which  consists  of  the  past 
participle  accorto  and  tiie  reflexive  si). 

It  is  to  l>e  understtKMl  that  the  second  and  thinl 
singular  of  the  pre.ssent  subjunctive  are  identic.al  with 
the  first  singular  f>f  that  tense;  that  the  first  plural  is 
identical  with  the  first  plural  of  the  present  indica- 
tive;  that  the  second  plural  has  tlie  same  stem  as  the 

140 


List  of  Irregular  Verbs  141 

first  plural,  and  has  the  regular  ending;  and  that  the 
third  plural  has  the  same  stem  as  the  first  singular,  and 
has  the  regular  ending. 

If  the  forms  of  the  imperative  are  not  given,  it  is 
to  be  understood  that  they  are  identical  with  the 
corresponding  forms  of  the  present  indicative. 

If  the  first  singular  of  the  past  absolute  is  irregular, 
it  is  to  be  understood  that  the  third  singular  and  third 
plural  have  the  same  stem,  and  have  respectively  the 
endings  -e  and  -ero. 

If  the  first  singular  of  the  future  is  given,  it  is  to  be 
understood  that  the  same  stem  appears  in  all  forms 
of  the  future  and  past  future. 

All  forms  for  which  no  indication  to  the  contrary 
is  given  are  regular. 

Compound  verbs  are  not  given  in  the  list.  If, 
therefore,  the  form  which  one  desires  to  identify  is  a 
compound  form  {e.g.,  if  it  begins  with  such  a  prefix  as 
con-,  in-,  per-,  or  n-)  the  corresponding  simple  form 
should  be  sought  in  the  list.  The  fist  will  in  such  a 
case  serve  to  locate  the  form,  but  will  not  give  the 
meaning  of  the  verb,  which  must  be  sought  in  the 
vocabulary  (or  in  a  dictionary). 

In  all  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  in  which  the 
last  vowel  of  the  stem  is  e  or  o,  the  e  ov  o  has  the  same 
quaUty — open  or  close — in  the  stem-stressed  present 
forms  as  in  the  infinitive:  accendere,  accendo;  cre- 
scere,  cresco;   correre,  corro;   mordere,  mordo. 


\i'2  VinsT  Italian  Rook 

Verb  forms  other  thnn  the  infinitive  have  been 
entered  in  the  main  cohimn  only  when  they  are  alpha- 
l)etirally  at  some  distance  from  the  corrcs|X)nding 
infinitive:  i.e.,  when  they  flifTer  from  the  infinitivr 
in  the  second  letter,  and  stand  more  than  two  entric  - 
away  from  the  infinitive  in  alphal>ctical  order.  This 
system  saves  much  space;  but  it  me.itis  (hat  the  student 
in  consultinR  the  list  must  oft^^n  look  a  little  above  or 
below  the  point  at  which  the  form  he  is  seeking  to 
identify'  might  be  expected  to  appear. 

A  few  regular  forms  appear  in  the  list,  for  various 
special  reasons  of  convenience:  past  participles  in 
-ciuto;  present  forms  of  aprire,  coprire,  offrire,  an<l 
sofiFrire;  and  regular  forms  which  alternate  in  u.«<' 
with  irregular  forms. 

Three  examples  of  the  use  of  the  list  are  given 
herewith.  Supix>se  it  is  desired  to  itlentify  the  form 
sicdano:  the  student  finds  in  the  list  the  entry  "sicd- 
stc  sedere";  turns  to  the  entry  sedere;  .sees  the  form 
sieda  given  as  a  form  of  the  present  subjunctive  first 
singular;  thereby  identifies  sicdano  as  a  form  of  the 
present  subjunctive  third  plural  of  sedere;  and  infers 
that  its  meaning  is  "let  them  sit."  Suppose  it  is 
desired  to  identify  the  form  mosse:  the  student  turns 
in  the  list  to  the  point  alphabetically  proper  for  such  a 
form;  finds  no  entry  iM'ginning  mos-,  but  just  U'low 
the  point  in  question  finds  the  entry  muovere;  sees 
the  form  mossi  given  as  past  absolute  first  singular; 


List  of  Irregular  Verbs  143 

identifies  mosse  as  past  absolute  third  singular;  and 
infers  that  its  meaning  is  "he  moved."  Suppose  it  is 
desired  to  identify  the  form  condotto:  the  student, 
after  recognizing  that  condotto  is  a  form  of  a  com- 
pound verb,  looks  for  -dotto;  finds  the  entry  "-dotto 
see  durre";  turns  to  -durre;  sees  -dotto  given  as  past 
participle;  and  infers  that  condotto  is  the  past  participle 
of  condurre.  For  the  meaning  he  must  look  in  the 
vocabulary. 

accendere  to  light:  acceso;  accesi 

accorgersi  to  perceive:  accortosi;  mi  accorsi 

afflzggere  to  afflict:  afflitto;  afilissi 

alludere  to  allude:  alluso;  allusi 

apparire    to    appear:     apparito    or   apparso;     appaio, 

appaiono;    appaia;    apparsi  or  apparvi 
aprire  to  open:    apcrto;    apro,  aprono;   apra;   aprii  or 

apsrsi 
ardere  to  burn:  arso;  arsi 

here  or  bevere  to  drink:  regular  stem  bev-;  bewi 
cadere  to  fall:  caddi;  cadrb 
-cedere:  -cesso;  -ccssi 
chiedere  to  ask:  chiesto;  chiedo  or  chigggo,  chiedono 

or  chieggono;  chisda  or  chiegga;  chissi 
chiudere  to  close:  chiuso;  chiusi 
czngere  to  gird :  cinto;  cinsi 
-cludere:  -cluso;  -clusi 
coc-  see  cuocere 
cogliere  to  pluck:  colto;  c3lgo,  colgono;  colga;  colsi 


'  •*  KiiisT  Italian  Book 

comparire  to  api>o.ir:  comparso;  comparisco  ur 
compaio,  companscono  ur  coinpaiono;  comparisca 
or  compaia;   comparii  or  comparsi  ur  comparvi 

conoscere  to  know;  conosciuto;  conobbi 

coprire   to   cover:     copcrto;    copro,   CDprono;    copra; 

coprii  or  coprrsi 
correre  to  run:  corso;  corsi 
crescere  to  prow:   cresciuto;   crebbi 
cuDcere  to  cook:    ngular  stem  coc-;    cotto;    cuDcio  or 

cuxo,  cuoci,  cuDce,  cuDciono  or  cuocono ;  cuDcia 

or  cuDca;  cossi 
drbb-  sec    dovere 
decidere  to  decide:  deciso;  deci^i 
dev-  see  dovere 

diffndere  to  defend:  difeso;  difesi 
dir/gere  to  direct:  dirrtto;   dirrssi 
di<;cutere  to  discuss:   discusso;  discuss! 
dist/nguere  to  distinKuish:   distinto;  distinsi 
divj'dere  to  divide:  diviso;  divisi 
dolere  to  pain:   dolgo,  duoli,  duole,  dogliamo,  dolgono; 

dDlga;  dolsi;   dorri 
-dotto  see  durre 
dovere  to  owe:   drvo  or  drbbo,  drvi,  drve,  dobbiamo, 

dcvono  (/r  drbbono;  drbba;  dovro 
du3l-  sec  dolere 

-durre:  regular  skm -due-;  -dotto; -dussi;  -durrb 
f  sc-  sec  uscire 
f/ggere  to  fix:   fitto;   fissi 
f/ngere  to  feign:  finto;   find 


List  of  Ikeiegulab  Verbs  145 

fondere  to  melt:  fuso;  fusi 
fr/ggere  to  fry:  fritto;  frissi 
fuggire  to  flee:  fuggo,  fuggono;  fugga 
fusi,  fuso  see  fondere 

giacere  to  lie:   giaciuto;  giaccio,  giacciamo,  giacciono; 
giaccia;  giacqui 

giocare  to  play:  gioco  or  giuoco  (and  -o-  or  -uo-  in  all 

other  stem-stressed  forms) 

giungere  to  arrive:  giunto;  giunsi 

invadere  to  invade :  invaso;  invasi 

Icggere  to  read:  letto;  Isssi 

mettere  to  put:  messo;  misi  or  messi 

mordere  to  bite:  morso;  morsi 

morire  to  die:   morto;  muoio,  muori,  muore,  muoiono; 
muoia;     morrb 

muovere  to  move:  regular  stem  mov-;  mosso;  muovo, 
muovi,  muove,  muovono;   muova;   mossi 

nascere  to  be  born :  nato;  nacqui 

nascondere  to  hide:  nascosto;  nascosi 

nuocere  to  harm:    regular  stem  noc-;    nuoco,  nuoci, 
nuoce,  nuocono;  nuoca;  nocqui 

od-  see  udire 

offcndere  to  offend:  offeso;  offesi 

offrire  to  offer:    offtrto;    offro,  ofifrono;   ofifra;    ofifrii 
or  offcrsi 

parere  to  seem:    parso;    polo,  paiamo,  paiono;    paia; 
parvi;  parro 

-pendere:  -peso;  -pesi 


146  FiiisT  Italiaj*  Book 

percuDtere  to  strike:  regular  stem  percot-;  percDSso; 
percuoto,  percuoti,  percuote,  percuotono;  percu3ta; 
percDssi 

perdere  to  lose:  perduto  or  perso;  perdei  or  persi 

persuadere  to  pcrsiiiule:   persuaso;   persuasi 

piacere     to     plo.iso:      piaciuto;      piaccio,     piacciamo, 

piacciono;  pioccia;  piacqui 
piangere  to  weep:  pianto;  piansi 
pmgere  to  paint :   pinto;  pinsi 
piovere  to  rain :  piowe  ijuisl  nhs.  Sd  sing.) 
porgere  to  present:  parte;  porsi 

porretoput:  rcgtilamlcjn  pon-]  posto;  pongo,pongono; 

ponga;  posi;  porro 
potere  to  \>o  nlAr:  posso,  puoi,  pub,  possiamo,  possono; 

possa;  potrb 
prrndere  to  take:  preso;  presi 
-primere:  -prcsso;  -prcssi 
protcggere  to  protect:  protetto;  protessi 
pungere  to  prick:  punto;  punsi 
radere  to  shave:  raso;  rasi 
rcggere  to  support:  retto;  ressi 
rendere  to  K've  back:  reso;  resi 
ridere  io  IhukIi:   rise;   risi 
rimanere   to   remain:     rimasto   or  rimaso;    rimango, 

riraongono;  rimanga;  rimasi;  riniarrb 
rispondere  to  answer:  risposto;  risposi 
rodere  to  t;na\v:   roso;   rosi 
rompere  to  break:    rotto;    ruppi 
salire  to  go  up:  salgo,  solgono;  saiga 


List  of  Irregular  Verbs  147 

sapere  to  know:  so,  sai,  sa,  sappiamo,  sanno;  soppia; 

sappi,  sappiamo,  sappiate;  seppi;  sapro 
scegliere  to  choose:   scelto;   scelgo,  scelgono;   scelga; 

scelsi 
scendere  to  go  down:  sceso;  scesi 
sciogliere    to    loosen:      sciolto;     sciolgo,     sciolgono; 

sciolga;  sciolsi 
scorgere  to  perceive:  scorto;  scorsi 
scr/vere  to  write:  scritto;  scrissi 
scuotere  to  shake:  regular  stem  scot-;  scosso;   scuoto, 

scuoti,  scuote,  scuotono;  scuota;  scossi 
sedere  to  sit:   siedo  or  seggo,  siedi,  siede,  siedono  or 

SEggono;   sieda  or  S8gga 
seppellire  to  bury:  seppellito  or  sepolto 
SEppi  see  sapere 
sied-  see  sedere 
-sfstere:  -sistito 
so  see  sapere 
soffrire   to   suffer:    sofifErto;   sofifro,  soffrono;   soffra; 

soffrii  or  soffErsi 
solere  to  be  accustomed:    solito;    soglio,  suoli,  suole, 

sogliamo,  sogliono;  soglia 
-solvere :    -soluto 
sonare  to  sound:  sono  or  suono  (and  -o-  or  -uo-  in  all 

other  stem-stressed  forms) 
sorgere  to  rise:  sorto;  sorsi 
spargere  to  scatter:  sparto  or  sparse;  sparsi 
sparire  to  disappear:  sparii  or  sparvi 
spegnere  to  put  out:  spEnto;  spEnsi 
spEndere  to  spend:  speso;  spesi 


1-18  First  Italian  Book 

spmgere  to  pii.<li:   spinto;   spinsi 

sporgere  to  project:  sporto;  sporsi 

stnngere  to  l^iiul:  stretto;  strinsi 

struggere  to  melt:  strutto;  strussi 

sudI-  sec  solere 

suon-  .•>(  c  sonare 

tacere  to  ho  silent:  taciuto;  taccio,  tacciamo,  tacciono; 

taccia;  tacqui 
trndere  to  extend:  teso;  tesi 
tenere  to  lioM:    trngo,  tieni,  tiene,  trngono;   tcnga; 

tenni;  terrb 
t/ngere  to  dyv.  tinto;  tinsi 

tDgliere   to   take:    tolto;    tolgo,  tolgono;    tolga;    tolsi 
tonare  to  thunder:  tono  ur  tuono  (aiid  -o-  or  -vo-  in  all 

other  stem-stressed  forms) 
torcere  to  twist:  torto;  torsi 
trarre   to   draw:     rxjular   stem   tra-;     tratto;     traggo, 

traggono;   tragga;   trassi;   trarrb 
tuon-  see  tonare 
uccidere  to  kill:  ucciso;  uccisi 
udire  to  hear:  3do,  odi,  ode,  odono;  oda 
ungere  to  anoint :  unto;  unsi 
uscire  to  go  out:   esco,  rsci,  csce,  fscono;   fsca 
valere  to  he  worth:    valuto  or  valso;    valgo,  valgono; 

valga;   valsi;   varrb 
vedere  to  see:  veduto  or  visto;  vidi;  vedrb 
venire  to  come:  venuto;  vcngo,  vieni,  vicne,  vcngono; 

vcnga;  venni;  verr3 
vincere  to  conquer:  vinto;  vinsi 


Pronunciation  of  E^  0,  S,  and  Z         149 

visto  see  vedere 

vivere  to  live:  vissuto;  vissi;  vivro 

volere  to  wish:    voglio  or  vd',  vuai,  vuole,  vogliamo, 

vogliono;   voglia;   vogli,  vogliamo,  vogliate;   voUi; 

vorro 

volgere  to  turn :  volto;  volsi 

THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF   E,  0,  S,   AND    Z 

220.  The  following  statements  will  afford  some 
guidance  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  four  doubtful 
letters  when  reading  books  in  which  phonetic  symbols 
are  not  used.  No  symbols  are  used  in  the  words 
given  as  examples  in  this  section. 

Unstressed  e  is  always  close. 

cessare      empire      deridere 

Stressed  e  is  close  in  the  endings  -esco,  -ese,  -essa, 
-etto,  -ezza,  -mente,  -mento. 

Francesco      poveretto      facilmente 

Stressed  e  is  open  in  the  endings  -ello,  -ente,  -enza. 
fratello      evidente      eloquenza 

Stressed  e  is  open  in  the  group  ie. 
diede      Pietro      viene 

Unstressed  o  is  always  close. 

confidare      operaio      ottagono 

Stressed  o  is  close  in  the  endings  -oce,  -oio,  -one, 
-ore,  -oso. 

croce      azione      dottore 


150 


FiiisT  Italian  Hook 


Stressed  0  is  open  in  tlio  proup  uo. 
buono      cuore       suoi 

0  with  a  grave  accent  is  open.  ' 

parld       sentirb       Niccol5 

S  before  the  voiceless  consonants  (c,  /,  p,  0  has 
the  voicelc^  sound  (that  of  s  in  "sj-ter") 
bosco      spero      resta 

S  before  the  voiced  consonants  (6,  d,  g,  I,  m,  n,  r,  v) 
has  the  voiced  sound  (that  of  s  in  "rose"), 
sbaglio       sradicare      risma 

5  before  a  vowel,  when  initial  or  preceded  by  a 
consonant,  has  the  voiceless  .sound. 

senipre       penso       corse 

S  between  vowels  has  the  voiceless  sound  in  the 
common  words  casa,  cosa,  cosi,  naso,  and  Pisa;    in 
many  other  words;   :ind  in  tlic  endini;  -oso. 
susina       risposi       luminoso 

S  between  vowels  has  the  voiced  sound  in  many 

words. 

case      rosa      esame 

Z  has  the  voiceless  soun<l  Cflint  of  U  in  "gets")  in 

most  words. 

zampa       senza       azione 

Z  has  the  voiced  .sound  (th:it  of  (h  in  "adze")  in 
(he  common  words  azzurro,  dozzina,  mezzo,  pranzo. 
and  romanzo;   and  in  some  other  word.s. 


VOCABULARY 


This  vocabulary  includes  all  words  wliich  appear  In  exercise 
sections  invol\-ing  translation,  except  cardinal  and  ordinal  numerals, 
for  wliich  see  Sections  143-45  and  203,  and  words  wliich  do  not 
appear  in  any  exercise  other  than  that  of  the  lesson  in  which  they 
are  specifically  studied. 

In  many  cases  reference  to  a  section  or  sections  in  which  a  word  is 
specifically  studied  appears  together  with  or  instead  of  translation. 
Each  irregular  verb  is  followed  either  by  a  section  number  or  by  the 
word  List,  which  serves  as  reference  to  the  List  of  Irregular  Verbs. 

In  the  case  of  regular  verbs  the  first  singular  present  indicative 
form  is  given  in  parenthesis  if  the  stressed  vowel  in  that  form  Is  e  or  o 
or  is  not  the  next-to-last  vowel  of  the  form. 

Nouns  ending  in  o  are  masculine  and  those  ending  in  a  are  feminine, 
unless  indication  to  the  contrary  is  given;  except  that  surnames  are 
not  in  themselves  either  masculine  or  feminine. 


a  to,  at,  in,  on,  by,  of;  46,  47, 

181,  193 
abitare  (abito)  to  live 
accanto  a  beside 
accompagnare  to  accompany 
addio  goodbye 
adesso  now 
affare  m.  matter 
agire  to  act 
aiutare  to  help 
albero  tree 

Alessandro  Alexander 
allora  then 
ahneno  at  least 
alto  high 
altro  other;  ier  1' —  day  before 

yesterday 
amico  friend 
amore  m.  love 


anche  also,  too,  even 
ancora  still,  yet,  again,  more 
andare   to   go;   andarsene   to 

go  away,  go;  113-15, 117, 118 
anno  year 
antico  ancient,  old 
appena  hardly 
architettura  architecture 
arrivare  to  arrive 
arrive  arrival 
arte  /.  art 
artista  m.  artist 
aspettare  (aspetto)  to  wait  for, 

wait,  expect 
attore  m.  actor 
attorno  a  around 
augurare  (auguro)  to  wish 
automobile  m.  automobile 
autore  tn.  author 
avanti  forward 


151 


1S2 


FiBST  Italian  Rook 


avere  to  have;   M,  67,  75,  76. 

119 
avvocato  lawyer 
azione  /.  action 

B 

bacio  kiss 

badia  nfil>cy 

bastare  to  be  enough 

bottere  to  l>oat 

belle  l>o;uitifuI,  fine;  57 

benchd  nlthough 

bene  well 

Bianchi  surname 

btblioteca  library 

biglietto  ticket,  bill 

bLsognare     (bLsogna)     to     be 

necessary 
Bologna  Hf)logna 
bosco  wood 
bravissimo  vcr)'  good 
Brum  surname 
brutto  urIv 
bu3no  good ;  100 


cadere  List  to  fall 

cambiare   (combio)  to  change 

campo  field 

cantare  to  sing 

captre  to  understand 

cappello  hat 

cappellone  m.  big  h&t 

carta  |>a|)cr 

casa  hoiiw,  home 

castcllo  rastle 

Castiglione  unmamt 

catologo  caUklogue 


cavare  to  take  out 

ce  101 

ctdcre  (crdo)  to  give  up 

centinaio  hundred 

cercare  (cerco)  to  seek,  search, 

l(x»k  for 
ccrto  certain;   a//r.  certainly 
Che  conj.59.  111.  191,  ^97,211 
Che  pron.  1 19,  120,  12.'..  120, 104 
Chi  KK).  110.  177 
cbiacchierare   (chiacchiero)  to 

rliatter 
chiamare  to  call 
chiartssimo  very  clear 
chiaro  clear;   adv.  clearly 
chiudere  List  to  close,  shut 
ci  (uiv.  87,  19S,  199 
ci  pron.  86 
cielo  sky,  heaven 
cittA  city 

colazione  /.  lunch,  breakfast 
collczione  /.  collection 
come  as;   217 

cominciare  (comincio)  to  begin 
commcdia  cdmedy 
composizione  /.  composition 
comprare  (compro)  to  buy 
con  with;    10.  47 
concrdere  List  to  ronce<lo 
concludcre  to  conclude 
concorso  comjK-tition 
condurre  I.,ist  to  r<mduct,  Lake 
consif;liare  (consiglio)  to  adviae 
contc  "I.  count 
contcntissimo  much  plc'ised 
contcnto  content,  pleased 
coDto  bill 


Vocabulary 


153 


copia  copy 

cosa  thing;  what;   119 
cosi  so,  as 

costare  (costo)  to  cost 
credere     (credo)    to    believe, 
think 

crescere  List  to  grow 
croce  /.  cross 
cugino  cousin 
cui  132,  133 
cuore  m.  heart 
cupola  dome 

D 

da  from,  by,  for,  at  or  to  the 

house  of;  46,  47,  150,  151 
Dante  m.  Dante 
dare  to  give;   121 
decidere  Ldst  to  decide 
decina  about  ten 
denaro  money 
dente  m.  tooth 
di  of,  by,  than;    39,  40,  59, 

164,  167,  181 
dietro  behind,  after 
difficile  difficult 
dimostrare  (dimostro)  to  prove 
dire  to  say,  tell;   voler  —  ,  to 

mean;   135 
disgrazia  misfortune 
dispiacere  List  to  displease 
disponibile  available 
dito  fiiigcr 
divertire    (diverto)    to   enjoy; 

r(Jl.  to  amuse  one's  self 
domanda  question 
domandare  to  ask 
domanl  tomorrow 


dope  after 

dormire  (dormo)  to  sleep 
dottore  m.  doctor 
dove  where;    177 
dovere  List  to  owe;   166 

e  and;  146,  177 

8  is 

Ecco  here  is;   156 

effige  /.  effigy 

egli  124 

ella  124 

eminente  eminent 

entrare  (entro)  to  enter,  go  in 

eppure  and  yet 

esame  w.  examination 

esfstere  to  exist 

esprimere  to  express 

essa,  esse  124 

essere  to  be,  happen;    90,  91, 

95,  123,  131,  142,  177 
essi,  esso  124 
estate/,  summer 
estero  foreign;  all'  —  abroad 

F 

fobbrica  factory 

faccia  face 

facile  easy 

fama  fame 

famiglia  family 

famoso  famous 

fare  to  do,  make,  have,  act, 
be,  manage,  ask,  eat,  paint; 
—  male  a,  to  hurt;  —  vedere 
to  sliow;  rcjl.  to  become 
go;  farsi  vedere,  to  appear 
127-131 


154 


FiiuiT  Italian  Book 


fato  fiiie 

fatto  f.ict 

favorc  m.  fnvor 

fermare  (fernio)  to  stop;   r^. 

to  stop 
flco  fiK 
fiRlio  !win 
figliuDlo  son 
filosofia  philosophy 
finalmcnte  fin:illy 
finchi  until;   200 
fincstra  window 
finire  to  finish 
fino  until;   —  a  to 
fiorentino  Klon-ntinc 
Fircnze/.  F'lorence 
fondo  depth,  distance 
(ormare  (formo)  to  form 
forse  jxrliaps 
f3rte  strong;   adv.  loudly 
fortjssimo  very  strong 
fortuna  ii<><»\  fortune 
fra  hetwcrn.  within 
francese  Frmch 
f  ra^e  /.  wntriice 
iratcllo  brother 
freddamente  coldly 
(reddo  cold 
fresco  fre.sh 
fretta  haute 

fuDco  fire;   —  di  gioU  iHMifiro 
fuori  out,  outhidc 

O 

galAntuomo  honest  man 
^amba  leg 
Gcnova  (icooa 


gll  nln»jidy 

giDiaJMv;  fuxo  dl  —  bonfire 

giornale  m.  newspaper 

giomo  dfty 

giovane  young 

giudice  m.  judge 

giugno  June 

Giulio  Julius 

giungere  List  to  arrive;    —  ft 

to  rejich 
gli  art.  2(3;  set  also  U 
gli  pron.  71 
gUe  lOS 

godere  'Rodo)  to  enjoy 
grande  Rriat;  101 
gridare  to  shout 
guanto  glove 
guardare  to  look,  look  at 
guidare  to  guide 


U 


ha  hail 
hanno  have 


i  20;   tee  aUo  U 

idea  idea 

icri  ye.slerday;    —  I'altro  daj 

before  ye-sterday 
il  22.  20.  30,    10.  40,  47,   105, 

100,  139,  110.  141,  152,  180 
imparare  to  learn 
impcdire  to  prevent 
importantc  inijMirtant 
importanttssimo    very    iin|H)r- 

tnnt 
in  in,  on;  40,  47 


I 


Vocabulary 


155 


incontro:  andare  —  a  to  go  '*o 

meet 
indietro  back,  backward 
indurre  List  to  induce 
inglese  English 
intelligente  intelligent 
intenzione/.  intention 
invece  instead 
invemo  winter 
io  124 
Italia  Italy 

L 

la.  art.  22,  141;  see  alsoU. 

la  pron.  72,  74,  134,  157 

la  there  [129 

lasciare  (lascio)  to  leave,  let; 

lavoro  work 

le  art.  26;  see  also  il 

le  pron.  72,  73,  74,  93,  134 

leggere  List  to  read 

leggero  light 

lei  124 

Leoue  m.  Leo 

lesto  quick;   alia  lesta  quickly 

lettera  letter 

letterato  man  of  letters 

lezione  /.  lesaon 

U  92,  134 

li  there 

libro  book 

lingua  tongue      [about  20  cents 

lira  lira,  a  coin  normally  worth 

lo  art.  22;  see  also  il 

lo  jrron.  70,  134 

Lorenzo  Lawrence 

loro  94,  105,  106,  124 

lui  124 


lume  m.  light 

lunedi  Monday 

lungo  long;  piii  a  — » longer 

M 
ma  but 

madre  /.  mother 
maestro  master,  conductor 
mai  never,  ever 
malato  sick 
male  badly;  m.  harm;  far  —  a, 

to  hurt 
mandare  to  send 
mangiare  (mangio)  to  eat 
maniera  manner 
mano  /.  hand 
mare  m.  sea 
Maria  Mary 
Mario  Marius 
martedi  Tuesday 
matita  pencil 
mattina  morning 
me  104,  124 
Medici  surname 
medico  doctor 
megUo  better 
memoria  memory 
meno  less,  least;    144 
mentre  while 
mese  m.  month 
meta  half 
mettere  List  to  put;    refi.   to 

put  on 
mezzo  half 
mezzogiomo  noon 
mi  Do -65 

milanese  Milanese 
minuto  minute 


1.% 


First  Italian  Hook 


mio  \0\  100 

msdo  way 

mof^lic  /.  wife 

molto  murh,  very  mtjrh,  very 

momcnto  motnont,  minute 

mondo  world 

moneta  roin 

montngna  mountaiD 

montc  m.  mountain 

morte/.  death 

movimento  motion 

musica  mu.sic 


o 

0  trmj.  or;  177 

O  inter j.  oh;    IM 

3Cchio  eye 

sggi  t<Hl:iy 

Ogni  every 

ombra  phnde 

onore  m.  honor 

opinione  /.  opinion 

era  aiiv.  now;   or  —  ,  Jurt  now 

ora  n.  hour 

orchestra  orchestra 

ottenere  Lisi  to  obtain 


napoletano  XeapolitAn 

Nopoli  /.  Naples 

Natale  m.  Chri-sttnas 

ne  adv.  99,  117 

ne  pron.  98 

necessario  nocessary 

nemmeno,  non  ...  —  not  even 

nessuno,  non  ...  —  no  one 

Niccob  Nicholaa 

nicnte  iiofliinR;    non  fa  —  , 

it  (loo-^n't  make  any  differenro 
no  no,  not 
n3bile  noble 
noi  121 

nome  "i    name 
nominare  ' nomine)  to  naiii«' 
non    iKtt;    —  ...  che    only, 

not  .  .   .  until;  41,  111,  101, 

206 
nDStro  105,  106 
notizia  newn;  pi.  nowB 
note  known 
nu3vo  new 


pacco  pa<-k:iRC 

paesaggio  land-icape 

paese  m.  country 

paga  pay 

pagare  to  pay 

poio  pair,  couple 

palazzo  palace 

pane  m.  bread 

papa  m.  pope 

parco  park 

parecchi  wvoral 

parere  />«>/  to  aocm;    159 

parlare  to  speak 

parola  word 

parte  /.  part 

partire  to  leave 

passato  pa-st 

patriarca  vi.  patriarch 

paura   fear;    aver  —  ,  to  be 

nfrnid 
pcggio  worse 
pena  trouble 


I 


Vocabulary 


157 


pensare  (penso)  to  think 
pensatore  m.  thinker 
pensiero  thought 
per     for,     to,     through,     by, 

because  of;   46,  47,  123 
perche  why,  because,  in  order 

that;  218 
perdere  List  to  lose 
perdonare  (perdono)  to  pardon 
permesso  permit 
permettere  List  to  permit 
per5  however 

persuadere  List  to  persuade 
piacere    List    to    please;     m. 

pleasure,  favor 
piazzetta  little  square 
Pio  Pius 
pioggia  rain 
pittore  m.  painter 
pittura  painting 
pifi    more,    most,    any    more, 

any  longer;  58 
piuttosto  rather 
pace  httle 

poderetto  little  fann 
poesia  poetry,  poem 
poeta  m.  poet 
pal  then,  afterward 
ponte  m.  bridge 
popolare  popular 
porre  List  to  put 
porta  door 

portafogli  m.  pocketbook 
portare  (porto)  to  carry,  wear 
poss/bile  possible 
potere  List  to  be  able;    169 
poveretto  poor  fellow 
pranzo  dinner 


praticare  (pratico)  to  aasociate 

prego  prayer  [with 

prendere  Ldst  to  take 

presentare  (presento)  to  pre- 
sent 

presEnza  presence 

prima  before,  first;  —  di, 
before 

probabilmente  probably 

professore  m.  professor 

profondo  deep 

proibire  to  forbid 

prontjssimo  very  ready 

proseguire  (proseguo)  to  con- 
tinue 

prossimo  next 

provare  (provo)  to  try 

pubblicare  (pubblico)  to  publish 

punto  point;  non  ...  — , 
not  at  all 

pure  yet;  —  troppo  unfortu- 
nately 

Q 

quadro  picture 

qualche  some;  62 

qualcuno  someone 

quale  138,  139 

quando  when 

quanto  how  much,  as  much  as 

quelle  that;  57 

quercia  oak 

questo  this 

qui  here 

R 

ragazzo  boy 

ragione  /.  reason;  aver  —  to 
be  right 


158 


First  Italian  Book 


RATenna  Ravooiu 

re  m.  kin^ 

regalo  prosent 

rcgola  nilo 

resUre  (rcsto)  to  stny 

ricco  ricli 

ricc\'cre  (ricevo)  to  rorcivc 

ricoprire  Ltst  to  cover  iigain 

riferire  to  ro|)ort 

rimancre  Lixt  to  remain 

Rinascimento  Hcinissancc 

ringraziare  (ringrazio)  to  thnnk 

ripctere  (ripcto)  to  roi>c;it 

risoluzione  /.  derision 

risDlvere  List  to  decide 

rispondere  LiM  to  answer 

risposta  answer 

ritornare  (ritomo)  to  return 

ritratto  j)<)rtr:iit 

ritrovare   (ritrDvo)   to  discover 

riuscire  /.I'.s/  to  succeed 

Roma  Home 

romanzo  novel 

ns*.  rose 

rosso  red 

rovina  ruin 

S 
salire  Lint  to  go  up 
sabtto  piirlor 
salvare  to  s;ivc 
santo  Rnint;    101,  112 
sapere  LiM  to  know,  Ix-  .ilili-: 

100.  101 
Bcala  Htnir 
scotola  Ih)x 
gcialle  m.  hIihwI 
Bcicnxa  ftrienec 


•commettere  IA$t  to  bet 

■contro  r(illi'<i<)n 

scordarsi  di  (scsrdo)  to  forget 

scr/vcre  ImI  to  write 

Bcultura  srulpturo  (207 

Be  fon>.  if,  whether;    111,  201, 

se  pron.  110 

8«  124 

sccolo  century 

secondo  according  to 

seguire  (seguo)  to  ffdlow 

sembrare  (sembro)  to  seem 

scmpre  always 

senatore  m.  senator 

sentire    (scnto)   to   feel,   henr, 

find  out;    128,   129 
scnza  without;    211 
servire  (servo)  to  serve 
settimana  week 
SI  78-80,  90,  97,  190 
si  yes 

siciliano  Sicilian 
Siena  Siena 

Bignore  m.  gentleman,  sir 
Bindaco  mayor 
Bistcma  m.  system 
Sisto  Sixtua 
Bocietd  society 
soldato  soldier 
soltanto  only 

sonare  List  to  sound,  be  heard 
sono  arc 

soprabito  overcoat 
sorcUina  little  sister 
Borri'dere  to  smile 
■otto  under;   —  voce  in  a  low 

voice 


Vocabulary 


159 


sottoscrizione  /.  subscription 

specchio  mirror 

sperare  (spero)  to  hope 

spesa  expense 

spesso  often 

spiegare  (spiego)  to  explain 

stamane  this  morning 

stare  to  stand,  be,  stay;    122, 

123 
stasera  this  evening 
stato  state 
stazione/.  station 
stesso  same,  self 
stile  m.  style 
straccio  rag 

stranissimo  very  strange 
strano  str.mge 
studiare  (studio)  to  study 
studio  study 
su  on;  46,  47 
subito  at  once 
sue  105,  106,  134 
suDna  see  sonare 
Svzzzera  Switzerland 


tacere  hlsl  to  be  silent,  remain 

silent,  stop  speaking 
tanto  so  much,  so 
tardi  late 
tasca  pocket 
te  104,  124 
teatro  theater 
temere  (temo)  to  fear 
tempo  weather 
tenere  Lid  to  hold 
tentare  (tento)  to  tempt 


testa  head 

ti69 

tirare  to  draw,  take 

toccare  (tocco)  to  touch;  tocca 
a  me  it  is  for  me,  it's  my  turn 

togliere  lAst  to  take 

tornare  (torno)  to  return 

torto  wrong 

tra  between 

tradurre  Ldsl  to  translate 

trarre  List  to  draw;  refl.  to 
draw 

treno    train 

triste  sad 

troppo  too  much;  pur  —  un- 
fortunately 

trovare  (trovo)  to  find 

tu  124 

tuo  105,  106 

tutto  all,  everything;   146 

D 

udire  List  to  hear;   128,  129 
ultimo  last,  latest 
uno  36,  164 
uomo  man 


valere  List  to  be  worth 

valore  m.  value 

ve  104 

vedere  List  to  see;  far  —  ,  to 

show;    farsi  —  ,  to  appear; 

128,  129 
venJere  (vendo)  to  sell 
venerdi  Friday 
Venezia  Venice 
venire  Ldsl  to  corac;   215 


IGO 


KiiiST  Italian  Uook 


ventina  »lK)ut  twenty 
vcriU  (ruth 
vero  (rue 
verso  fo\v;»rd 
vestir'e  (vcsto)  to  droas 
vi  (ulv.  89 
vi  pron.  88 
viof^frio  journey 
vicino  near 
villaRRio  villnjp; 
vmcere  List  to  conquer 
virtd  /.  virtue 


Tifta  KiRht,  view 

▼oce  /.  voice 

▼oi  121 

▼olere     I/ixt    to    wi'»h,    wnnt; 

—  dire,  to  mrun;    170,  171 
volontA  wish,  dcaire 
valta  time 
vostro  105,  106 

Z 

/anetti  surname 
zio  undo 
zoologia  zoology 


INDEX 


The  Arabic  numerals  refer  to  sections, 
words,  see  the  Vocabulary. 


For  references  for  single 


a  (letter)  2 

Abbreviation  100,101 

-accio  188 

Address:  second  person  16, 
34;  third  person  34,  35, 
72-74,  92-94,  124,  134 

Adjectives:  comparison  58, 
59;  gender  51;  in  absolute 
clause  184;  in  -issimo  77; 
number  51,  83-85;  position 
52;  possessives  105,  106; 
predicate  213 

Adverbs:  comparison  58,  59; 
conjunctive  see  Conjunctive 
Adverbs;  in  -issimo  77;  in 
-mentc  212;  replacing  prepo- 
sitional phrase  182 

-aio  147 

Apocopation  100,  101 

Articles:  see  Definite  and 
Indefinite 

Augmentatives:    186 

Auxiliary  Verbs:  for  passive 
91,  215;  for  perfect  tenses 
75,  95,  142;  see  also  Modal 
Auxiliaries 

-;  11;    cc  37;    ch  23;    cq  37 
Capitalization  74,  134 
C^'ardinal  Numerals  143-146 
-care  54 
(Jcnturiea  145 
-cere  189 


-dare  55 

Collective  Numerals  147 
Comparison     58,     59;      with 
pleonastic  non  206 

Compound  Tenses  see  Passive 
and  Perfect  Tenses 

Concession,  Verbs  of  216 

Conjugations:  first  Lessons 
I-IX;  second  60,  61,  82, 
153;  third  81,  82,  208;  fourth 
102,  103,  107 

Conjunctive  Adverbs  87,  89, 
99;  preceding  la,  le,  li,  lo,  ne 
104 

Conjunctive  Pronouns:  antici- 
pating noun  object  163; 
capitalized  in  direct  address 
74,  134;  form  Lessons 
X-XVIII;  indicating  pos- 
session 176;  in  feminine 
idioms  157;  initial  conso- 
nant doubled  118;  pleo- 
nastic 103;  preceding  la, 
le,  11,  lo,  ne  104,  108,  116; 
position  63,  65,  173;  recipro- 
cal see  Reciprocal  Pronouns; 
reflexive  see  Reflexive  Pro- 
nouns; repeating  noun  ob- 
ject 163;  replacing  object  of 
prepositional  phrase  182; 
with  ecco  156;  see  also 
Semi-Conjunctive  Pronoun 

Consonants    Lessons   II-VIII 

Correlatives  177 


161 


1G2 


I'litbT  Italian  Buok 


rf  42 

Definite    Article:     (tcndor   22, 

2<i;    nonorir  nn«J  otlicr  us<»9 

110;  in  ffminiiio  idifinix  111; 

nuu)l>cr  2t>;    |x>ss4'ssi\c  i.'i'J; 

with  di  ;U),   10;    with  other 

prt'iMisitidns  47,    141;     with 

fKis-^v'wivcs    105,    KH't;    with 

quale  139 
Desire,  Verbs  of  216 
Dinunutivei*  1S7 
Disjunctive      Pronouns      121; 

omission  of  8ul»ject  pronouns 

13 
Double  Consonant*  37;  after 

monosyllabic       imperatives 

118 


e  (letter)  3;  in  other  books  220 
Elision    112 
-e^i,  -rao  174 

KxcLamntions:    with  che   120; 
with  quale  13S 


I    (letter)    4;     unstrense*!    Ixv 

tweon     c     and     vowel     11; 

unslrexHc*!    l>ctwecn    g    and 

vowel  17 
-iare  TyTy,  .10 
Impcmtive  24 
Impersonal  Verbs  210 
-inn  147 

Indefinite  Artirle  30 
Indefinite  Subject  80 
Indicative:    «r«  Future,   Paiit, 

Perfect,  Present 
Infinitive    9;      irrcRuhir    208; 

with     definite     article     180; 

with  prejxisiiions  179 
InterroRatives  109,  119,  138 
Intransitive  Reflexives  191,  192 
IrrcKular    Verbs:     future    0<>: 

infinitive     20S;      List     21'.l 

p;ist  absolute  Ot\,  174;    p:i.si 

participle  174. 
-tVi",  -ISO  174 
-usimo  77 


Feminine  idioms:  with  definite 
article  Ml;  with  conjunc- 
tive pronoun  l.')7 

Future  49;  irrenul;ir  66;  of 
probability  155 


g  17;  ggZl;  gh23 

(lender:  see   Adjoclivos,   Arti- 

cleti,  NouiiB 
-gere  189 
"ifiart  55 

h  23 


/27 

I  42;   prolonged  48;   gli  17 
List  of  IrreRul.ar  Verbs  219 

m48 

Modal  Auxiliaries  100,  109,  170 
Mo<><ls:  see  Imperative,  Indica- 
tive, .Subjunctive 


n   42;    prolonRe^l   48;    gn    17; 

nr,  fuj,  tiq  2.S 
N«itative  Kxprcssions:    "only" 

111;     pUv)nastic    non    200: 

two  negative  41 


Index 


163 


Nouns:  gender  21,  25;  num- 
ber 25,  83-85 

Number  see  Adjectives,  Arti- 
cles, Nouns 

Numerals  see  Cardinal,  Col- 
lective, Ordinal 

0  (letter)  5;  in  other  books  220 
Ordinal  Numerals  203 

Participles  see  Past  Participle 
and  Present  Participle 

Partitive:  di  and  definite 
article  40;  pronoun,  di  and 
adjective  164 

Passive:  reflexive  substitute 
79,  97;  with  essere  91; 
with  venire  215 

Past  Absolute  44;  irregular 
66,  174 

Past  Descriptive  38;  repla- 
cing perfect  tenses  201 ;  with 
da  150 

Past  Future  50;  of  mild 
statement  101;  of  reported 
statement  162 

Past  Future  Perfect  175 

Past  Participle  10;  in  absolute 
clauses  184,  185;  in  passive 
91;  in  perfect  tenses  75,  76, 
95,  142;  irregular  174 

Past  Subjunctive  45;  in  sub- 
ordinate clauses  205,  210, 
217 

Pejoratives  188 

Perfect  Tenses:  with  avere  75, 
76;  with  essere  95,  142; 
see  also  Past  Future  Perfect 
and  Present  Perfect 

Person:  second  see  Address; 
third  15  and  see  Address 


Personal  Pronouns  see  Con- 
junctive, Disjunctive,  Semi- 
Conjunctive 

Personal-Relative  Pronoun  110 

Pleonasm  see  Conjunctive  Pro- 
nouns and  Negative  Expres- 
sions 

Plural  see  Number 

Position:  adjectives  52;  con- 
junctive and  semi-conjunc- 
tive pronouns  63,  65,  94,  173; 
subject  68 

Possession  see  Conjunctive 
Pronouns,  Definite  Article, 
Possessives 

Possessives  105,  106;  relative 
133 

Prepositional  Phrases  181,  182 

Prepositions  46;  with  definite 
article  39,  47;  with  infinitive 
179;  see  also  Prepositional 
Phrases 

Present  Indicative  12-14;  as 
vivid  future  137;  as  vivid 
past  136;  with  da  150 

Present  Participle  10 

Present  Perfect  172 

Present  Subjunctive  18;  as 
imperative  20,  35;  in  sub- 
ordinate clauses  205,  210 

Present  Tenses  31-33;  see  also 
Present  Indicative  and  Pres- 
ent Subjunctive 

Pronouns  see  Interrogatives, 
Personal  Pronouns,  Relative 
Pronouns 

Pronunciation  Lessons  I-VIII; 

220 


\u\ 


First  Italian  Book 


q37 

Questions:  introduwvl  bv  o  or 
Che  194;  rliotorical  206,  207; 
i»r<  alstj  Intcrrogativcs 

r  43;   prolonRcd  48 

Ilociprornl  rronouns  S6,  88, 
96;  precodinR  la,  le,  li,  lo,  ne 
104,  116 

Ufflexive  Pronouns  64,  69,  78, 
86,  88,  96;  prcccdinR  la,  le, 
li,  lo,  ne  10-1,  116;  ace  aUo 
Ilcflexive  \'eri)3 

Reflexive  Verhs:  indefinite 
subject  80-  intransitive  191, 
192;  perfect  tenses  142: 
simple  reflexives,  tiirect  and 
indirect  sre  Heflexive  Pro- 
nouns; substitute  for  pxs- 
sive  79,  97;  with  untrims- 
latablc  indirect  pronoun  202 

Relative  CLiusca  12t\ 

RiUtivc    Pronouns    125.  132, 

139;      |)<)H.'*'ssiv(«     1.'53;  itre 

also   l'er»onal-lU-liilive  Pro- 
noun 


•  29;  «cll;  in  otlier  hooka  220 

Semi-Conjunctive  Pronoun  94 

Stress  1 

Subject:  indefinite  80;  omis- 
sion 13;    position  68 

Subjunctive  19,  l.'')9.  Lessons 
XXXm-XXXVI-  see  also 
Present  Sul>jiinctive  and 
Paat  Subjunctive 

(  42 

Tenses:      sec     Future,     Past, 

Perfect,  Present 
Time  of  day  144 

u6 

-USX,  -uso  174 

Verbs:  sec  Concession,  Con- 
juRiitions,  Diwre,  Imper- 
Bon:il,  Infinitive,  Irreuular 
Verbs,  McmhIs.  Participles, 
PiLssive,  Reflexive  Verba. 
Tensoa 

Vowels  1-8 

f  30;  «  37 ;  in  other  books  220 


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